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Historical 
Sketch  <’'  ‘'^ 
missions  i: 
China  ^ ^ 

SEVENTH  EDITION 

REVISED  BY 

Rev.  Courtenay  H.  Fenn,  D.  D. 

The  Uloman’s  Torcign 
missionary  Sociely  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church. 
Ulitherspoon  Building. 
Philadelphia  : 1912 

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Historical 
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IDissions  s 
China  ^ ^ 

SEVENTH  EDITION 

REVISED  BY 

Rev.  Courtenay  H.  Fenn,  D.  D. 

The  Uloman's  foreign 
missionary  Society  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church, 
Ulilherspoon  Building, 
Philadelphia  : 1912 

CHINA 


“The  Middle  Kingdom”  contains  more  than 
POPULATION  one-fourth  of  the  human  race.  A New  Eng- 
land pastor  has  suggested  the  following  object 
lesson:  A diagram  is  drawn  containing  one  hundred  squares, 
each  representing  four  millions  of  souls.  On  this  surface, 
which  stands  for  China,  ten  squares  are  marked  off  for 
France,  eighteen  for  the  United  States,  etc.;  and  the 
population  of  China  exceeds,  by  more  than  one-half,  the 
aggregate  population  of  the  five  foremost  nations  of  Chris- 
tendom. Various  estimates  have  been  made  by  those  best 
qualified  to  judge;  it  is  probably  safe,  however,  to  place  the 
population  of  this  hive  of  humanity  at  four  hundred  millions. 

The  name  China  has,  until  recently,  been  applied  strictly 
to  eighteen  provinces,  embracing  an  area  of  a million  and 
a half  square  miles.  But  the  three  provinces  of  Manchuria 
are  now  considered  an  integral  part  of  China  proper,  while 
Chinese  rule  extends  also  to  Mongolia,  Tibet,  Ching-hai,  and 
Hi.  The  provinces  average  about  the  size  of  Great  Britain, 
giving  China  proper  twenty-one  times  the  area  of  the  British 
Isles;  while,  including  the  dependencies,  the  “vermilion 
pencil”  prescribes  laws  for  an  area  one-third  larger  than  that 
of  Europe. 

Chinese  history  embraces  a period  of  more  than 
HISTORY  forty  centuries.  The  chief  authority  for  this  his- 
tory is  the  Shu  Djing,  a work  in  which  Confucius 
compiled  the  historical  documents  of  the  nation.  From  this 
we  learn  that  Yao  and  Shun  reigned  from  2357  B.  C.  to 
about  2200  B.  C.,  when  the  Hsia  Dynasty  was  founded  by 
Yii  the  Great.  This  was  succeeded,  1766  B.  C.,  by  the  Shang 
Dynasty,  which  in  its  turn  was  overthrown,  about  1100  B.  C., 
by  Wu  Wang,  founder  of  the  Djou  Dynasty.  During  this 
period  (1100  to  255  B.  C.)  lived  the  two  great  sages  of  China, 
Confucius,  who  was  born  551  B.  C.,  and  Mencius,  372  B.  C. 
The  Ch’in  Dynasty  was  founded  249  B.  C.,  by  the  tyrant  Lu 
Djeng,  who  was  the  first  to  assume  the  title  Whang  Di.  He 


4 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


built  the  Great  Wall  as  a protection  against  the  invasion  of 
the  Tartars,  and  attempted  to  blot  out  the  memory  of  the 
past  by  burning  the  books  that  contained  historical  records. 
From,  the  name  of  this  dynasty  the  country  was  called  Chin 
or  China.  The  Han  Dynasty  continued  from  206  B.  C.  to 
220  A.  D.  One  of  the  emperors  of  this  line  restored  the 
books  destroyed  by  1m  Djeng;  and  another,  the  Emperor 
Ming-Di,  sent  messengers  to  India,  A.  D.  66,  to  bring  back 
teachers  of  the  Buddhist  faith.  A period  of  division  was 
succeeded  by  the  second  Ch’in  Dynasty,  which  continued  until 
A.  D.  420. 

After  the  rule  of  the  Tartars  in  the  North,  the  families 
of  Tang  and  Sung  came  successively  into  power.  During 
the  rule  of  the  Tang  Dynasty  (620-907  A.  D.),  while  Europe 
was  sunk  in  ignorance  and  degradation,  China  was  probably 
the  most  civilized  country  on  earth.  The  second  Tang 
emperor,  Tai  Dzung,  may  be,  regarded  as  the  most  distin- 
guished man  in  the  annals  of  Ihe  “Flowery  Land.”  It  was 
in  this  period  that  Buddhism  achieved  its  greatest  successes. 
The  Sung  Dynasty  is  notable  for  its  great  literary  men,  espe- 
cially Chu  Hsi,  whose  commentary  on  the  classics  still 
remains  the  test  of  Confucian  orthodoxy. 

The  invasion  of  Clenghis  Khan,  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  Mongol  Dynasty  (A.  D. 
1279-1368).  It  was  during  this  period  that  Marco  Polo 
visited  China.  A revolution,  led  by  a Buddhist  monk,  over- 
threw the  Mongols,  who  were  followed,  A.  D.  1368,  by  the 
Mings.  This  dynasty  continued  until  A.  D.  1644,  when  the 
Manchu  Tartars,  taking  advantage  of  a political  quarrel, 
placed  upon  the  throne  Shun  Dji,  son  of  their  own  king,  and 
founded  the  Ching  Dynasty,  which  was  overthrown  in  1912. 

The  Chinese  language  has  no  alphabet:  each 
LANGUAGE  character  represents  a word.  The  imperial 
dictionary  of  the  Emperor  Kang  Hsi  contains 
more  than  forty  thousand  characters;  but  only  eight  to  ten 
thousand  are  in  ordinary  use.  The  past  six  years  (1905-11) 
have  seen  more  additions  to  the  working  vocabulary,  in  the 
w'ay  of  new  words  and  expressions,  than  the  previous  five 
hundred  years.  The  Chinese  characters  are  not  inflected. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


5 


Distinctions  which  in  other  languages  are  marked  by  a 
change  in  the  form  of  the  word,  in  the  Chinese  are  made 
by  using  additional  characters,  e.  g.,  people  is  multitude  man, 
son  is  man  child,  etc.  In  the  written  language,  the  characters 
are  arranged  in  perpendicular  columns,  which  are  read  from 
top  to  bottom  and  from  right  to  left.  The  negative  form  of 
the  Golden  Rule  as  given  in  the  Liing-yii  or  “Analects”  of 
Confucius,  is  regarded  as  a good  specimen  of  the  Chinese 
concise  literary  style; 

Dji  soa  wu  yii.  wu  hsing  yii  ren. 

Self  what  not  wish,  not  do  to  man. 

The  IVcnli,  the  written  or  classical  language,  of  which  this 
is  an  example,  is  understood  in  all  parts  of  the  empire,  while 
the  spoken  dialects  or  colloquials  differ  almost  as  much  as  do 
the  languages  of  Europe.  The  Wcnli  is  not  used  in  conver- 
sation. Since  the  number  of  characters  is  many  times  greater 
than  the  number  of  monosyllables  which  it  is  possible  to  form 
with  the  vocal  organs,  many  different  characters  have  the 
same  sound.  The  written  language,  therefore,  speaks  to  the 
eye  rather  than  to  the  ear,  and  cannot  be  satisfactorily 
Romanized.  Quotations  from  books,  used  in  conversation, 
are  most  intelligible  when  already  familiar  to  the  listener. 
Among  the  more  important  of  the  colloquials  are  the  Canton, 
the  Amoy,  the  Foochow,  the  Shanghai,  and  the  Ningpo. 

The  Kwan  hwa,  “language  of  officers,”  is  the  court  dialect, 
which  the  government  requires  all  its  officials  to  use.  It  is 
commonly  called  by  foreigners  the  mandarin  (from  the 
Portuguese  niando,  to  command).  It  is  the  prevalent  lan- 
guage in  sixteen  provinces,  and  is  spoken  by  about  two 
hundred  millions  of  Chinamen.  Both  the  Mandarin  and  the 
more  important  colloquials  have  been  reduced  to  Romanized 
writing:  but  the  great  variety  of  dialects  prevents  the  general 
use  of  any  one  system. 

To  master  the  Chinese  language  is  not  an  easy  task.  The 
difficulty  of  acquiring  the  spoken  language  is  increased  by 
the  use  of  tones  and  aspirates.  For  example,  in  the  colloquial 
of  Amoy  there  are  ten  different  ways  of  uttering  the  mono- 
syllable pang,  and  according  to  the  utterance  it  has  as  many 


6 


HISTOKICAL  SKETCH  OF 


different  meanings.  A missionary  once  wishing  to  ask  a 
bereaved  family  whether  they  had  buried  the  corpse,  mis- 
placed the  aspirate,  and  really  asked  whether  they  had  mur- 
dered their  relative. 

“Pigeon  English”  is  business  English.  “Pigeon”  was 
merely  the  result  of  the  Chinese  attempt  to  pronounce  the 
word  “business.”  This  Anglo-Chinese  dialect  is  a jargon 
consisting  of  a few  hundred  words — chiefly  corrupt  English 
words — while  the  idioms  are  mostly  Chinese.  It  serves  its 
purpose,  enabling  the  two  races  to  communicate,  at  the  com- 
mercial centres,  without  the  necessity  of  either  learning  the 
language  of  the  other. 

The  Chinese  government  now  not  only  teaches  the  English 
language  in  its  schools,  but  has  decreed  the  use  of  English 
as  the  medium  of  instruction  in  Western  learning. 

“Never,”  says  Dr.  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  “have 
CHARACTER  OF  a great  people  been  more  misunderstood. 

THE  PEOPLE  They  are  denounced  as  stolid  because  we 
are  not  in  possession  of  a medium  suffi- 
ciently transparent  to  convey  our  ideas  to  them  or  transmit 
theirs  to  us;  and  stigmatized  as  barbarians  because  we  want 
the  breadth  to  comprehend  a civilization  different  from  our 
own.  They  are  represented  as  servile  imitators,  though  they 
have  borrowed  less  than  any  other  people;  as  destitute  of  the 
inventive  faculty,  though  the  world  is  indebted  to  them  for 
a long  catalogue  of  the  most  useful  discoveries ; and  as  cling- 
ing with  unquestioning  tenacity  to  a heritage  of  traditions, 
though  they  have  passed  through  many  and  profound  changes 
in  their  history.” 

The  Chinese  had  anciently  a knowledge  of  a 
RELIGIONS  Supreme  Being,  received  possibly  by  tradition 
from  an  earlier  time.  The  worship  of  this 
great  Power,  which  they  called  Shang  Di  (Supreme  Ruler), 
became  very  early  a representative  worship.  It  was  re- 
stricted to  the  emperor;  the  people  had  no  part  in  it.  This 
fact  may  account,  in  part,  for  the  growth  of  idolatry,  the  wor- 
ship of  a great  multitude  of  spirits,  and  the  worship  of  ances- 
tors. “It  is  not  ingratitude,”  they  say,  “but  reverence,  that 
prevents  our  worship  of  Shang  Di.  He  is  too  great  for  us  to 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


7 


worship.  None  but  the  emperor  is  worthy  to  lay  an  offering 
on  the  altar  of  Heaven.”  Although  the  original  monotheism 
is  retained  in  the  state  worship  of  to-day,  the  idea  of  God  is 
almost  wholly  lost,  and  even  the  State  officially  worships  many 
gods. 

The  great  reformer  and  philosopher  whom  we  know  as 
Confucius,  the  Latinized  form  of  his  Chinese  title  Kung 
Fu-dzu  (The  Master  Kung),  was  born  in  Shantung  551  B.  C. 
He  spent  most  of  his  life  in  retirement,  instructing  his  disci- 
ples and  studying  the  wisdom  of  past  ages.  In  his  writings 
he  uses  the  more  indefinite  term  Tien  (heaven)  instead  of 
SJiang  Di,  though  doubtless  referring  to  the  personal  Being 
whom  his  countrymen  had  worshipped.  He  did  not  pretend 
to  originate  any  new  system  of  doctrine,  but  merely  to  ex- 
pound the  teachings  of  the  wise  men  who  had  preceded  him. 
He  enjoined  the  duties  arising  out  of  the  five  relations — those 
subsisting  between  emperor  and  subject,  father  and  son, 
husband  and  wife,  older  and  younger  brother,  friend  and 
friend.  He  also  taught  the  Tve  virtues — jcn,  benevolence ; yi, 
righteousness;  li,  propriety;  djih,  knowledge;  hsin,  faithfulness. 
But  of  all  the  duties  arising  out  of  the  relations  of  life,  Con- 
fucius dwelt  most  upon  respect  for  one’s  parents.  Filial 
obedience  is  the  first  and  greatest  duty.  “No  stigma  which 
could  be  attached  to  the  character  of  a Chinaman  is  more 
dreaded  than  that  of  bn  hsiao,  undutiful.  But  a good  principle 
is  carried  to  an  unwarranted  extreme  when  Confucius  teaches 
that  filial  piety  demands  the  worship  of  parents  and  sacrifice 
to  them  after  death.  The  little  tablet  set  up  in  the  ancestral 
hall  is  supposed  to  be  occupied,  while  the  service  is  perform- 
ing, by  the  spirit  of  the  departed  whose  name  and  title  are 
inscribed  upon  it.  Before  this  tablet  incense  and  candles 
are  burned  and  prostrations  made;  offerings  of  food  are 
brought;  while  paper  money  and  other  articles  made  of  paper, 
supposed  to  be  needed  in  the  spirit  world,  are  burned.” 

When  the  disciples  of  Confucius  asked  their  master  about 
death,  he  frankly  replied,  “Imperfectly  acquainted  with  life, 
how  can  I know  death?”  The  doctrine  of  the  immortaUty  of 
the  soul,  though  implied  in  ancestral  worship,  was  not  dis- 
tinctly taught.  Confucius  recognized  the  existence  of  a God, 


8 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


but  was  unable  to  teach  anything  definite  concerning  Him. 
It  has  been  well  said  that  there  is  in  the  system  “no  bringing 
down  of  God  to  men  in  order  to  lift  them  up  to  Him.” 

Taoism  (7'ao= Reason)  originated  with  Lao-dzu,  who  was 
contemporary  with  Confucius.  He  left  an  abstruse  and 
mystical  work  known  as  “The  Canon  of  Religion  and  Virtue,” 
which  is  studied  by  all  Chinese  scholars  and  fully  understood 
by  none.  In  certain  passages,  men  are  exhorted  to  return 
good  for  evil,  and  to  look  forward  to  a higher  life.  Modern 
Taoism,  which  has  absorbed  many  elements  and  ideas  from 
its  rival.  Buddhism,  has  little  in  common  with  its  canon  or  its 
founder.  At  the  head  of  its  vast  army  of  divinities,  small  and 
great,  stand  the  Three  Pure  Ones,  the  rulers  of  Heaven, 
Earth  and  Sea.  It  fosters  all  sorts  of  superstitions,  especially 
those  connected  with  the  Dragon,  who  is  regarded  as  the 
god  of  all  seas,  lakes  and  rivers.  The  worship  of  evil  spirits 
is  reduced  to  an  elaborate  system,  and  is  really  the  chief  re- 
ligion of  the  ignorant  masses.  The  official  head  of  the  sect, 
known  as  the  Heavenly  Preceptor,  lives  in  great  state  in  the 
Dragon  and  Tiger  Mountain  in  Kiangsi,  and  is  held  in  much 
reverence. 

Buddhism,  introduced  by  the  Emperor  Ming  Di  in  the 
first  Christian  century,  had  an  immediate  and  remarkable 
success.  Through  centuries  of  alternating  persecution  and 
revival,  it  has  been  greatly  transformed  and  modified  by  the 
older  religions,  and  has  in  turn  exercised  a profound  influ- 
ence upon  them.  Its  chief  strongholds  are  in  Mongolia  and 
Thibet,  but  Buddhist  temples  and  communities  of  monks 
and  nuns  are  very  numerous  throughout  the  empire.  The 
monks,  mostly  from  the  lowest  classes,  are  repulsive  in 
appearance  and  exceedingly  immoral  in  their  lives.  Though 
superstitiously  feared  and  hired  for  various  rites,  they  are 
held  in  great  contempt  as  men.  Recent  failure  of  imperial 
and  popular  support,  and  the  confiscation  of  their  temples 
for  schools,  have  driven  many  to  other  occupations. 

The  essential  doctrines  of  Buddhism  are  the  vanity  of  all 
material  things,  the  efficacy  of  good  works,  and  the  certainty 
of  future  rewards  and  punishments  through  the  transmigra- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


9 


tion  of  souls  The  only  hope  of  freedom  from  evil  is  in  ceasing 
to  exist.  Theoretically  it  acknowledges  no  God,  but  the  in- 
stincts of  the  human  heart  have  always  been  too  strong  for 
theories,  and  the  Buddha  himself  in  many  incarnations  is 
worshipped  by  his  followers  everywhere,  as  well  as  minor 
deities.  The  favorite  divinity  in  China  is  Gwan  Yin,  the 
“Goddess  of  Mercy,”  who,  it  is  said,  declined  to  enter  the 
bliss  of  Nirvana,  and  preferred  to  remain  on  the  confines  of 
this  world  of  suffering,  in  order  that  she  might  hear  the 
prayers  of  men,  and  succor  their  woes.  The  great  object  of 
worship  is  to  make  provision  for  the  future  state  by  “laying 
up  merit.”  Most  of  the  worshippers  at  the  temples  are 
women.  Believing  in  the  transmigration  of  souls,  they  hope, 
by  faithfulness  in  worship,  to  be  reborn  as  men. 

Chinese  Buddhism  was  of  the  type  found  in  Northern  India, 
and  the  sacred  books,  as  rendered  from  the  Sanscrit  into 
Chinese,  are  understood  neither  by  priests  nor  people.  The 
use  of  this  unintelligible  ritual  is  considered  essential  in  their 
burial  ceremonies  and  this  gives  the  priests  their  firm  hold 
on  the  masses  of  the  people.  There  is  nothing  revolting  or 
licentious  in  the  Buddhist  worship,  though  there  is  in  some 
of  its  realistic  images,  or  indeed  in  any  form  of  worship  in 
China;  and  the  contrast  with  Indian  religions  in  this  respect 
is  strongly  marked  also  in  the  Chinese  classics,  which  are 
entirely  free  from  anything  in  the  least  objectionable. 

The  Chinese  has  been  called  a religious  triangle.  He  does 
not  profess  one  of  the  Sail  Djiao,  or  three  creeds,  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  other  two.  Every  Chinese  is  a Confucianist, 
and  most  of  them  are  Buddhists  and  Taoists  as  well.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  common  sayings  that  “the  three  religions 
are  after  all  one.”  Many  temples  are  found  in  which  huge 
images  of  Confucius,  Lao-dzu  and  Buddha  sit  side  by  side, 
and  are  impartially  worshipped.  In  addition  to  the  three 
systems,  there  is  a vast,  confused  accretion  of  superstition, 
belonging  originally  to  none  of  them.  Not  one  man  in  a 
thousand  can  distinguish  the  three  from  one  another,  or  from 
these  accretions.  His  three  religions  have  not  made  the 
Chinaman  moral;  they  have  not  taught  him  about  God;  they 
have  not  delivered  him  from  the  thraldom  of  sin;  they  have 


IQ 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


not  even  made  him  sincerely  and  consistently  filial.  The  hope 
of  Christianity  is  in  proving  its  divine  power  to  do  that  in 
which  its  forerunners  have  failed. 

Mohammedanism  was  early  introduced  into  China,  and  its 
adherents  are  estimated  at  about  twenty  millions,  mostly  in 
the  provinces  of  Kansuh,  Hunan  and  Shensi.  They  do  not 
intermarry  with  the  Chinese,  and  mingle  little  with  them,  nor 
do  they  attempt  to  make  proselytes.  By  the  confession  of 
their  own  leaders,  they  are  the  most  turbulent  of  all  the 
people,  committing  most  of  the  deeds  of  violence  and  pillage. 
Their  religious  services  are  formal  and  sparsely  attended. 
Few  of  them  have  thus  far  been  won  to  Christianity. 

In  1625,  at  Hsi-an  Fu,  in  the  Province  of 
INTRODUCTION  OF  Shensi,  a monument  was  found  which 
CHRISTIANITY  BY  establishes  the  fact  that  the  Gospel  was 
THE  NESTORIANS  introduced  into  China  by  Nestorian  mis- 
sionaries. It  was  erected  during  the 
Tang  Dynasty,  in  781  A.  D.  The  inscription  upon  the  tablet, 
in  ancient  Chinese  and  Syriac  characters,  gives  an  abstract 
of  the  Christian  religion,  and  some  account  of  the  Nestorian 
missions  in  China. 

The  work  and  influence  of  the  Nestorians  must  have  been 
widely  extended  in  the  eighth  century.  The  tablet  speaks 
of  the  great  Eternal  Cause  as  “Our  Three-in-One  mysterious 
Being,  the  true  Lord.’’  It  gives  an  account  of  the  creation, 
the  sin  of  man,  the  circum.stances  connected  with  the  advent 
of  our  Lord,  His  work  and  ascension,  the  growth  of  the  early 
Church,  the  coming  of  missionaries  to  China  and  their  favor- 
able reception  by  the  emperor,  who  said  of  Christianity;  “As 
is  right,  let  it  be  promulgated  throughout  the  empire.”  The 
Nestorians  exerted  a wide  influence  for  several  centuries,  but 
persecutions  and  dynastic  changes  weakened  the  Church,  and 
it  finally  became  extinct. 

The  first  Roman  Catholic  missionary  was 
ROMAN  CATHOLIC  an  Italian  priest,  John  of  Monte  Corvino, 
MISSIONS  who  came  in  the  days  of  the  famous 
Kublai  Khan,  1291  A.  D.  Other  zealous 
men  afterward  joined  him  and  their  labors  had  some  success. 
When  the  Mongols  were  superseded  by  the  Ming  dynasty. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


II 


the  Christians  were  persecuted  and  slain,  and  all  traces  of  the 
mission  were  soon  completely  effaced. 

Two  centuries  afterward,  Francis  Xavier  died  on  the 
threshold,  after  vain  attempts  to  enter  the  closed  land.  Two 
other  Jesuit  fathers,  Roger  and  Ricci,  gained  entrance  in 
disguise  in  1582,  and  after  many  remarkable  adventures 
penetrated  to  Peking.  Kang  Hsi,  the  second  emperor  of  the 
Manchu  Dynasty,  was  an  able  man,  and  showed  a desire  to 
learn  the  science  of  the  West.  He  treated  the  missionaries 
kindly,  and  seemed  for  a time  well  disposed  toward  their 
teachings.  Toward  the  end  of  his  long  life  he  turned  against 
them.  His  son,  a bitter  persecutor  of  the  new  faith,  expelled 
the  missionaries  and  did  his  best  to  exterminate  their 
followers. 

During  the  last  half  century,  the  Roman  Church  in  China 
has  grown  very  largely.  Before  the  massacres  of  igoo,  their 
numbers  were  estimated  at  750,000.  Many  of  these  are  no 
doubt  devout  Christians;  many  others  are  attracted  by  the 
protection  and  immunity  which  the  priests  claim  for  their 
converts  in  regard  to  Chinese  courts  and  laws.  It  is  this 
semi-political  feature  of  the  Roman  policy  that  has  raised 
such  bitter  animosity  against  them  in  the  minds  of  the 
Chinese. 

With  the  separation  of  Church  and  State  in  France,  and 
the  increasing  self-assertion  of  the  Chinese  government,  this 
policy  is  perforce  giving  way  to  another  equally  questionable, 
namely,  the  free  use  of  money  to  secure  converts.  The 
official  rank  demanded  in  1898-99  by  the  Roman  priests,  and 
declined  by  Protestant  missionaries,  was  recently  withdrawn 
from  the  priests  by  imperial  edict. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth 
PROTESTANT  MISSIONS  century,  British  trade  and  inter- 
1807-1842  course  were  closely  restricted  to 

the  port  of  Canton,  and  entirely  in 
the  hands  of  the  British  East  India  Company.  No  rriissionary 
effort  was  permitted  under  their  sway. 

Robert  Morrison,  sent  by  the  London  Missionary  Society, 
sailed  in  1807,  and  went  first  to  Macao,  a Portuguese  settle- 
ment at  the  mouth  of  the  Canton  River.  He  afterwards 


12 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


became  translator  for  the  East  India  Company’s  factory  out- 
side of  Canton.  He  was  most  diligent  in  his  work  of  study 
and  translation,  and  though  a “prisoner  in  his  own  house, 
so  far  as  direct  evangelistic  work  was  concerned,”  he  secretly 
instructed  as  many  natives  as  he  could  reach.  He  baptized 
Tsai  A-ko,  the  first  convert,  in  1814.  His  translation  of  the 
New  Testament  was  completed  about  that  time,  and  in  1818, 
with  the  assistance  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Milne,  who  came  in 
1813,  the  whole  Bible  was  finished.  The  work  of  the  first 
period  was  done  chiefly  in  the  Malayan  archipelago.  It  was 
a time  of  foundation-laying.  The  language  was  studied, 
grammars  and  dictionaries  were  made,  the  Bible  and  other 
books  translated.  Tracts  and  parts  of  the  Scriptures  were 
distributed,  about  one  hundred  converts  were  baptized,  and 
a few  native  preachers  trained. 

After  the  expiration  of  the  East  India  Company’s  monopoly 
in  1834,  constant  friction  and  bickerings  with  the  British 
merchants  brought  on  what  is  popularly  known  as  the  “opium 
war.”  At  the  beginning  of  this  war,  the  Chinese  government 
talked  arrogantly  of  marching  its  armies  westward  to  invade 
Great  Britain;  at  its  close  in  1842,  the  treaty  of  Nanking 
opened  five  ports — Canton,  Amoy,  Ningpo,  Eoochow  and 
Shanghai — to  foreign  trade,  and  granted  Hong  Kong  in 
perpetuity  to  England. 

A great  increase  of  foreign  trade  followed  the 
1842  to  1860  treaty.  The  American  and  English  mission- 
aries, who  were  waiting  at  the  gates,  lost  no 
time  in  beginning  their  work  in  the  treaty  ports.  Within 
twenty  years,  1,300  converts  were  baptized.^ 

The  natural  reaction  followed  this  enforced  concession  to 
Western  power.  A few  advanced  thinkers,  the  forerunners 
of  the  present  reform  party,  advocated  the  adoption  of  Euro- 
pean methods,  to  enable  China  to  cope  with  her  enemies,  but 
the  majority  of  the  leaders  sullenly  abode  their  time  until 
they  should  be  strong  enough  to  drive  the  invaders  into  the 
sea.  Then  came  the  Tai-ping  rebellion,  under  a leader  pro- 


(t)  Acknowledgment  is' due  to  ^'The  Siege  in  Peking/' by  Dr  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  and  '*l'he 
Outbreak  in  China/’  by  Dr,  F.  L.  Hawks  Potts,  for  some  of  the  following  pages. 


THE  MISSIONS  . IN  CHINA.  I3 

fessing  a pseudo-Christianity,  which  devastated  the  southern 
provinces  for  ten  years.  Hsien  Feng,  the  husband  of  the 
late  Empress  Dowager,  came  to  the  throne  in  1850.  “Let 
it  be  your  aim,”  said  an  old  counsellor  to  him,  on  his  acces- 
sion, “to  re-establish  all  the  old  restrictions  along  the  coast, 
which  ought  never  to  have  been  relaxed.” 

The  arrogance  of  a viceroy  brought  on  a second  war  with 
England  and  Erance.  A second  time  the  boasted  strength 
of  China  failed.  The  Taku  forts  were  stormed,  Peking  itself 
captured,  and  the  emperor  and  court,  including  the  late 
Dowager  Empress  and  her  infant  son,  forced  to  flee  to  Tar- 
tary. The  treaty  of  Tientsin  followed  in  i860,  allowing 
foreign  ambassadors  to  reside  in  Peking,  legalizing  Christian 
missions,  protecting  the  converts,  and  granting  increased 
freedom  of  trade  and  travel  to  foreigners. 

The  Tai-ping  rebels  were  subdued  by  foreign 
REGENCY  aid.  Soon  after  the  emperor  died,  and  his  two 
1860  to  1900  wives  became  joint  regents.  Beautiful  and 
gifted,  and  enjoying  great  prestige  as  the 
mother  of  the  little  emperor,  Tzu  Hsi,  “Tender  Joy,”  soon 
quite  eclipsed  her  elder  colleague,  and  at  her  death  reigned 
supreme. 

On  the  death  of  her  young  son  in  1874,  she  adopted  Kwang 
Hsii,  then  three  years  old,  and  continued  to  reign  in  his  name 
until  his  nominal  majority,  when  she  professed  to  retire  in 
his  favor,  but  still  remained  the  power  behind  the  throne. 
The  party  of  progress  continued  to  urge  the  necessity  of 
instruction  in  the  languages  and  science  of  the  West.  Schools 
were  established  and  young  men  sent  abroad  for  education. 
The  emperor  himself  was  well  educated  and  allowed  to  learn 
English  under  Christian  auspices.  After  long  hesitation, 
legations  were  sent  from  China  to  the  Western  nations.  In 
the  meantime,  Christian  missions  were  being  extended  as  fast 
as  the  scanty  funds  sent  from  home  would  permit.  The 
growth  was  not  large,  counted  by  actual  converts,  but  the 
subtle  influence  ■ of  contact  and  education  began  to  be  felt. 
Every  institution  of  foreign  learning  founded  by  the  Chinese 
government  was  intrusted,  to  the  care  of  a Protestant  mis- 
sionary. 


14 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


In  1894,  Korea,  supported  by  Japan, 
WAR  WITH  JAPAN  threw  ofif  the  suzerainty  long  claimed  by 
1894  and  1895  the  Chinese  emperor.  This  led  to  a war, 
in  which  the  Chinese,  with  their  anti- 
quated arms  and  inefficient  army  and  navy,  were  overwhelm- 
ingly defeated,  and  forced  to  surrender  to  Japan  the  islands 
of  Formosa  and  the  Pescadores  and  the  peninsula  of  Liao- 
tung. The  impression  produced  on  the  Chinese  was  deep 
and  painful.  To  be  defeated  by  the  Japanese,  whom  they  had 
stigmatized  as  dwarfs,  and  regarded  as  immensely  inferior  to 
themselves,  was  an  unendurable  mortification.  Helpless  and 
dazed,  they  appealed  to  the  Western  powers,  and  Japan  was 
forced  to  relinquish  Liao-tung  for  a money  indemnity. 

Many  of  the  leading  Mandarins  now  became 
REFORM  convinced  that  onlv  the  adoption  of  the  same 
MOVEMENT  progressive  methods  that  had  made  Japan  so 
formidable,  could  save  China  from  destruction. 
To  the  horror  of  the  conservative  nobility,  the  emperor  him- 
self, under  the  influence  of  Kang  Yii  Wei,  a doctor  from 
Canton,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  reform  movement. 
Startling  innovations  were  proposed;  the  children  of  the 
common  people  were  to  be  gathered  into  the  transformed  idol 
temples  for  instruction,  and  a system  of  graded  schools  was 
to  culminate  in  a new  university  for  the  sons  of  the  nobility. 
The  civil  service  examinations  were  re-organized  to  cover 
subjects  of  practical  usefulness,  and  as  far  as  possible  Kwang 
Hsii  aspired  to  do  for  China  what  the  progressive  rulers  of 
Japan  and  Siam  have  done  for  their  realms.  Dr.  W.  A.  P. 
Martin,  long  the  head  of  the  Tung-wen  College,  connected 
with  the  Chinese  Foreign  Office,  was  chosen  President  of 
the  new  university,  the  favorite  scheme  of  Li  Hung  Chang, 
who  was  always  warmly  in  favor  of  modern  education.  The 
reformers  appealed  to  the  missionaries  for  aid  in  the  sugges- 
tion of  reforms  and  the  preparation  of  books.  Newspapers 
were  encouraged  and  free  speech  permitted.  In  1895  there 
were  in  all  China  nineteen  newspapers;  in  1898,  seventy-six. 
In  those  three  years  the  sales  at  the  book  store  of  the  Useful 
Knowledge  Society  rose  from  $800  to  $18,000.  At  the  same 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


15 


time  it  was  reported  that  the  emperor  was  seeking  the  lives 
of  the  empress  dowager  and  various  reactionary  officials. 

The  conservatives  stood  aghast.  Wild  with 
COUP  D’ETAT  rage  and  fear,  they  appealed  to  Tzu  Hsi,  im- 
AUGUST,  1898  ploring  her  to  resume  the  power.  From  the 
recesses  of  her  summer  palace,  fifteen  miles 
from  Peking,  she  had  never  ceased  for  a day  to  concern  her- 
self in  af¥airs  of  State.  Now  her  action  was  summary  and 
decisive.  Supported  by  Jung  Lu,  with  a large  force  of 
soldiers,  she  promptly  seized  the  emperor,  and  forced  him  to 
issue  an  edict  beseeching  her  to  assume  the  regency  for  the 
third  time,  that  “she  might  teach  him  how  to  govern  his 
people.”  Six  of  the  reformers  were  beheaded,  others  were 
banished.  Kang  Yu  Wei  made  his  escape.  The  obnoxious 
reforms  were  abolished  one  by  one  on  plausible  pretexts; 
and  the  emperor  was  kept  in  close  confinement. 

In  the  meantime,  European  nations  were 
FOREIGN  AGGRES-  not  slow  to  take  advantage  of  the  mani- 
SIONS,  1897-1898  fest  weakness  of  China.  Two  German 
missionaries  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  were  murdered  by  bandits  in  Shantung.  The  Ger- 
man governnient  instantly  sent  warships  to  Kiao  Chou, 
demanding  indemnity  and  concessions  of  territory.  All  the 
demands  were  perforce  granted,  and  Kiao  Chou  was  perma- 
nently occupied.  Next  Russia  demanded  and  obtained  a 
lease  of  Port  Arthur  and  Ta-lien-wan,  as  a terminus  for  her 
new  Siberian  railway.  England,  not  to  be  outdone  by  her 
rivals,  put  forth  a claim  for  the  lease  of  Wei-hai-wei,  on  the 
northern  shore  of  Shantung.  After  some  resistance,  China 
was  obliged  to  grant  this  claim  also,  as  well  as  a subsequent 
demand  for  Kow-loon  on  the  mainland,  back  of  Hong  Kong. 
The  Erench  were  known  to  be  only  waiting  their  time  to 
make  extensive  claims  in  the  south.  Even  Italy,  unwilling 
to  be  left  out,  demanded  the  cession  of  Sanmen  Bay.  Then 
at  last  the  empress  lost  patience,  and  showed  so  warlike  a 
front  that  the  demand  was  withdrawn.  Encouraged  by  this 
success,  she  openly  declared  that  further  encroachments 
would  be  resisted  at  any  cost.  The  people,  who  were  never 
allowed  to  hear  of  any  reverses,  and  imagined  China  omnipo- 


l6  HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 

tent,  regarded  all  those  who  had  consented  to  these  agree- 
ments as  venal  traitors  to  their  country.  The  anti-foreign 
feeling,  always  intense,  began  to  break  out  anew  in  the  Boxer 
risings  and  other  analogous  movements.  The  infuriated 
empress  gladly  welcomed  these  new  auxiliaries. 

The  Boxers  were  not  a new  society,  but  a 
THE  BOXERS  secret  order,  more  than  a century  old.  In 
1803  they  were  proscribed  by  the  government 
as  disorderly,  and  lingered  on  in  obscurity  until  recently 
revived.  They  professed  a mysterious  creed  and  claimed 
supernatural  powers,  laying  great  stress  on  hypnotic  and 
spiritualistic  manifestations.  In  the  fierce  excitement  aroused 
in  Shantung  by  the  German  occupation,  this  ancient  fraternity 
suddenly  developed  immense  strength.  Bands  of  boys  were 
seen  in  every  hamlet  going  through  their  peculiar  drill,  and 
a special  branch  was  created  for  the  young  women.  One  of 
their  war  songs  begins: 

“We,  the  brothers  of  the  Long  Sword,  will  lead  the  van; 

Our  sisters  of  the  Red  Lantern  will  bring  up  the  rearguard. 
Together  we  will  attack  the  barbarians 
And  drive  them  into  the  sea." 

Like  a devastating  flood  they  swept  over  Shantung,  attack- 
ing railway  engineers  and  missionary  stations,  and  laying 
waste  the  Christian  villages.  The  governor,  Yii  Hsien,  did 
nothing  to  check  their  ravages.  The  foreign  representatives 
insisted  on  his  removal,  and  he  was  recalled  to  Peking,  where 
he  was  praised  and  promoted  by  the  empress.  By  him  the 
Boxer  leaders  were  introduced  to  Prince  Tuan,  who  became 
their  ardent  patron.  The  empress,  forced  by  policy  to  dis- 
avow them  outwardly,  really  encouraged  and  invited  their 
onward  march.  Their  favorite  motto  was:  “Uphold  the 
Great  Pure  Dynasty,  and  destroy  the  Ocean  Barbarians.” 

The  missionaries,  whose  work  brought  them  into  close 
contact  with  the  people,  were  not  slow  to  warn  the  foreign 
ministers  that  an  alarming  crisis  was  at  hand.  But,  misled 
by  the  false  assurances  of  the  government,  the  ministers  took 
no  steps  to  defend  themselves,  and  it  was  not  until  the  rail- 
road to  Paotingfu  was  destroyed.  May  27th,  igoo,  that  they 
telegraphed  to  Tientsin  for  a guard.  The  troops,  about  450 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


17 


in  number,  arrived  at  nightfall,  May  31st.  Next. day  the 
Tientsin  track  was  torn  up,  cutting  off  all  communication  with 
the  seaboard,  and  that  strange  siege  began,  which  for  months 
kept  all  the  civilized  world  in  suspense. 

As  soon  as  it  was  known  that  the  legations  were  in  peril, 
a strong  column  of  marines  was  sent  from  Tientsin  under 
Admiral  Seymour  and  Captain  McCalla.  Surrounded  by 
overwhelming  numbers,  they  were  driven  back,  with  heavy 
losses.  A larger  expedition  was  at  once  organized  by  the 
admirals  of  the  combined  European  squadrons.  The  Taku 
forts  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pei  ho  were  captured  June  17th; 
Tientsin,  where  the  foreign  community  was  holding  out 
against  overwhelming  odds,  was  taken  and  garrisoned. 

Meanwhile,  the  missionaries  of  Peking  and  Tungchou, 
with  many  others  unable  to  return  to  their  stations  from 
annual  meetings,  were  compelled  to  forsake  their  homes  and 
gather,  with  several  hundred  Chinese  Christians,  in  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Mission  compound,  whence  they  once  more 
fled,  on  June  20th,  to  the  legation  area,  on  learning  of  the 
murder  of  Baron  von  Ketteler,  the  German  Minister.  Here 
for  flfty-flve  days,  subsisting  on  food  supplies  providentially 
lying  within  the  defended  lines,  fired  at  with  shot  and  shell 
day  and  night,  constructing  remarkable  fortifications,  each 
day  fearing  massacre  at  any  moment,  yet  hoping  for  the 
arrival  of  the  foreign  troops,  their  lives  were  marvellously 
preserved  in  answer  to  the  volume  of  worldwide  prayer.  Not 
until  August  2d  did  the  troops  find  themselves  able  to  start 
from  Tientsin;  but  most  unusual  summer  weather  permitted 
a speedy  trip,  and  the  enemy  was  everywhere  driven  back. 
On  August  14th,  the  allied  armies  of  eight  nations  entered 
Peking,  and  the  empress  and  her  followers,  defeated  in  their 
futile  warfare  against  the  whole  civilized  world,  fled  in  haste 
through  the  Western  Gate,  to  take  refuge  at  Hsianfu,  six 
hundred  miles  away. 

After  long  delays,  the  empress  was  induced  to  appoint 
commissioners,  through  whom  the  Powers  might  make 
known  their  demands  for  reparation  and  peace.  A treaty 
was  made  by  which  the  government  bound  itself  to  maintain 
order  and  protect  foreigners.  A large  indemnity  was  ex- 


l8  HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 

acted,  and  the  empress  and  court  were  allowed  to  return  to 
Peking. 

The  lessons  of  exile  were  evidently  not  lost  upon 
1900-1912  the  empress.  In  August,  1901,  she  issued  a royal 

decree  abolishing  in  the  government  examinations 
the  ancient  style  of  essay,  based  on  classic  models,  and  re- 
quiring instead  theses  on  political  economy,  constitutional 
science  and  Western  laws.  A second  decree  followed,  estab- 
lishing a university  in  each  provincial  capital,  for  the  study 
of  Western  science,  to  be  followed  by  an  organized  system 
of  lower  schools. 

By  these  edicts  most  of  the  reforms,  for  proposing  which 
the  young  emperor  was  dethroned,  were  m.ade  obligatory. 

A third  proclamation  ordered  the  governors  to  send 
promising  students  to  foreign  countries  at  government  ex- 
pense, to  be  trained  as  instructors. 

The  consternation  created  by  these  decrees  can  scarcely 
be  understood  by  outsiders.  China  was  a literary  country. 
The  whole  constitution  of  society  was  based  on  the  Confucian 
system  of  instruction.  Scholars  were  the  most  honored  class 
of  the  community,  and  no  government  office  could  be  held 
except  by  those  holding  degrees  from  the  imperial  examiners. 
Even  a superficial  obedience  to  the  new  decrees  would  revo- 
lutionize at  once  the  mental  habits  of  millions  of  men.  A 
wild  scramble  for  Western  books  and  Western  teachers  fol- 
lowed. All  the  Christian  presses  and  book  despositories  were 
taxed  to  their  utmost  capacity  to  supply  the  demand.  All  of 
the  eighteen  provinces  now  have  universities,  for  which  many 
of  the  instructors  must  be  obtained  from  the  Christian  col- 
leges. To  obviate  any  evil  effects,  later  edicts  required  the 
formal  worship  of  Confucius  from  all  instructors  and  students, 
thus  barring  out  avowed  Christians.  This  rule,  however, 
proved  very  flexible  when  Christian  instructors  were  in  de- 
mand. So  little  did  it  avail  to  halt  the  progress  of  Christian- 
ity, that  a later  edict  decreed  the  divine  rank  of  Confucius 
as  equal  to  that  of  “Heaven.”  By  an  odd  bit  of  “poetic 
justice,”  the  advice  of  the  .sage  with  reference  to  the  ^ods, 
namely,  “Keep  them  at  a distance,”  has  been  applied  to  him, 
so  that  the  study  of  the  Confucian  classics  now  occupies  but 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA.  , 


19 


a minor  place  in  the  educational  curriculum.  The  old  Con- 
fucian  teacher  has  forever  lost  his  occupation;  all  the  learning 
of  the  West  has  come  in  to  take  the  place  of  the  “Four  Books 
and  Five  Classics.”  In  her  desperate  need  of  new  teachers, 
and  her  unwillingness  to  invite  those  teachers  from  the  West, 
China  engaged  many  from  Japan,  and  at  the  same  time  sent 
many  of  her  students  to  Japan  for  training.  The  instructors 
from  Japan  too  frequently  manifested  political  interest,  and 
the  Japan-trained  students  spent  too  much  of  their  time  read- 
ing anarchistic  literature,  to  make  this  plan  satisfactory.  To- 
day China’s  choicest  students  are  being  sent  to  America,  since 
this  country  has  reformed  her  treatment  of  Chinese  at  the 
ports,  and  mollified  the  hurt  of  many  years  by  the  return  to 
China  of  the  excessive  Boxer  indemnity.  With  the  funds 
thus  saved,  China  is  sending  to  America  one  hundred  stu- 
dents annually  for  four  years,  fifty  annually  thereafter, 
selected  by  competitive  examination.  The  superior  work  of 
the  Christian  schools  has  resulted  in  the  success  of  an  alto- 
gether disproportionate  number  of  Christian  students  in  these 
examinations.  A preparatory  school  for  the  successful  can- 
didates has  just  been  established  at  Peking,  with  eighteen 
Christian  American  teachers. 

The  complete  destruction  of  property  in  Peking,  Paotingfu, 
Wei-hsien,  Tai  Yuan  fu,  and  elsewhere,  in  1900,  led  the 
Mission  Boards  to  plan  for  economy  through  co-operation, 
especially  in  higher  education.  Union  Christian  Universities 
have  been  established  at  Peking,  Tsinanfu,  Nan- 
king and  Chentufu,  embracing  many  denominations.  New 
emphasis  is  being  given  to  theological  and  medical  education. 
American  Universities  are  e.stablishing  their  colleges  in 
China.  The  University  of  Pennsylvania  maintains  a Medical 
College  in  Canton, ‘Yale  a general  school  at  Changsha,  Har- 
vard a medical  school  at  Shanghai,  while  Princeton  supports 
the  varied  Y.  M.  C.  A.  work  in  Peking.  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge contemplate  an  extensive  professional  school  at  Han- 
kow. More  and  more  is  the  work  being  specialized,  with  a 
view  to  efficiency.  Tlie  various  missions  are  co-ordinating 
all  their  educational  work,  and  arranging  for  expert  super- 
vision. So  far  as  possible,  the  curricula  of  the  Christian 


20 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


schools  are  being  harmonized  with  those  of  the  Board  of 
Education,  and  cordial  relations  maintained  with  the  non- 
Christian  schools.  The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has  materially  aided  in 
this  and  many  other  directions,  by  the  introduction  of  special 
physical  directors,  and  the  whole  scheme  of  athletics,  over- 
throwing altogether  the  old  idea  of  the  unbending  dignity  of 
the  scholar.  It  has  introduced  also  the  idea  of  Christian 
Student  Conferences,  and  greatly  stimulated  the  spiritual  life 
and  evangelistic  activity  of  the  schools.  Under  the  auspices 
of  the  Conference  at  Tungchou  has  been  organized  the 
Chinese  Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  the  Ministry,  the 
first  Secretary  of  which,  the  Rev.  Ding  Li  Mei,  is  also  re- 
sponsible for  the  conveyance  to  the  Christian  college  students 
of  China  of  that  ringing  call  to  the  ministry,  “in  loyalty  to 
Christ  and  to  China,”  which  has  been  answered  by  the  volun- 
teering of  more  than  seven  hundred  young  men  and  women 
for  this  self-denying  service,  in  spite  of  the  numerous  tempt- 
ing opportunities  to  earn  ten  times  the  salary  in  secular  work. 

The  earnest  desire  on  the  part  of  missionaries  and  Chinese 
Christians  for  a larger  measure  of  unity  has  resulted  in  the 
formation  of  provincial  and  national  federation  councils;  the 
amalgamation  of  the  eight  Presbyterian  and  Reformed  bodies 
into  one  Pre.sbyterian  Church  of  China,  independent  of  the 
foreign  Assemblies;  the  conduct  of  union  evangelistic  cam- 
paigns; the  almo.st  complete  delimitation  of  denominational 
fields;  a strong  native  movement  in  the  direction  of  the 
organization  of  a single  Christian  Church  for  China;  the  co- 
ordination of  the  7'ract  Societies  through  the  appointment 
of  an  Agent  for  China  of  the  Religious  Tract  Society  of 
London,  and  the  organization  of  a Sunday  School  Associa- 
tion, an  Evangelistic  Association,  and  a National  Y.  P.  S. 
C.  E,,  all  with  salaried  secretaries.  Erom  a different  origin, 
namely,  the  new  national  consciousness,  springs  the  move- 
ment for  a strictly  independent  Chinese  Church,  with  no 
foreign  members  or  officers.  With  few  exceptions,  the  mis- 
sionaries are  encouraging  all  that  looks  toward  a self-sup- 
porting, self-governing  and  self-propagating  Chinese  Church, 
and  are  quite  willing  to  '“decrease,”  that  such  a Church  may 
“increase.”  The  mind  of  the  people  in  general  is  open  to 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


21 


Cliristianity  as  never  before.  “The  blood  of  the  martyr”  has 
again  proved  “the  seed  of  the  Church.”  Men  of  high  posi- 
tion, like  Mr.  Djang  Boa  Ling  of  Tientsin,  have  accepted  not 
merely  Christianity,  but  Christ,  entered  the  Church,  led  fam- 
ilies to  the  faith,  and  gone  about  proclaiming  Christ  as  the 
one  hope  of  China.  The  terrible  Boxer  movement,  instead 
of  retarding  the  Christian  advance,  set  it  mightily  forward. 

Among  the  missions  there  has  been  a strong  movement 
in  the  direction  of  rftore  complete  national  organization, 
through  the  appointment,  after  consultations  between  Boards 
and  Missions,  of  representative  National  Councils,  with  un- 
limited advisory  powers  and  a measure  of  authority,  expe- 
rienced missionaries  being  set  apart  for  the  chairmanship,  and 
others,  representative  of  all  the  missions  of  the  denomination 
in  the  empire,  being  associated  with  them  in  planning  for 
the  largest  measure  of  co-ordination,  economy  and  efficiency. 

The  vast  illiterate  mass  of  the  Chinese  nation  is  being 
illuminated  not  only  by  the  new  education,  which  the  govern- 
ment aims  to  make  universally  compulsory,  but  also  by  the 
press,  through  newspapers,  periodicals  and  books.  Ten 
years  ago  a paper  in  Mandarin  was  unheard  of  and  almost 
unthinkable;  to-day  there  are  scores  of  these  vernacular 
issues,  besides  hundreds  more  in  the  literary  style.  Under 
native  auspices,  as  well  as  those  of  Christian  Societies,  weekly 
and  monthly  periodicals,  in  Chinese  and  English,  are  enlight- 
ening the  minds  and  breaking  down  the  prejudices  of  many. 
Hundreds  of  the  high  officials  and  gentry  are  regular  sub- 
scribers to  the  periodicals  of  the  Christian  Literature  Society. 
Most  of  the  new  papers  advocate  reform  and  progress, 
deprecate  and  deride  the  old  superstitions,  and  even  the 
idolatrous  rites.  Unfortunately,  with  the  influx  of  much 
good  religious  and  secular  literature,  in  the  form  of  transla- 
tions, compilations  and  original  productions,  there  has  come 
also  a flood  of  poor  fiction,  atheistic  and  agnostic  as  well  as 
anarchistic  literature,  with  which  it  is  difficult  for  the  Chris- 
tian publishers  to  keep  pace.  Yet  the  missionary  presses  are 
turning  out  millions  of  pages  every  year  for  the  Missions, 
Tract  Societies  and  Bible  Societies.  The  revision  of  the  New 
Testament,  in  Wenli  and  in  Mandarin,  has  been  completed; 


22 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


the  Old  Testament  revision  is  in  progress;  the  first  Concord- 
ance to  the  Mandarin  New  Testament  has  been  issued,  and 
many  volumes  of  commentary  and  of  outline  Bible  studies 
have  been  printed. 

Politically,  the  recent  developments  in  China  have  chal- 
lenged the  attention  of  the  world.  Awakened  by  the  disas- 
trous outcome  of  the  Boxer  movement,  the  government  in 
iqo6  sent  commissioners  to  study  the  governments  of  the 
influential  nations  of  the  world.  Their  report  recommended 
the  promulgation  of  a constitution  as  the  thing  most  to  be 
desired.  The  idea  was  accepted  and  announced.  The  peo- 
ple, when  they  learned  what  the  new  word  meant,  were  eager 
to  prepare  for  it,  and  soon  began  to  clamor  for  it.  As  a first 
step.  Provincial  Assemblies  were  constituted,  and  have  acted 
in  the  main  with  dignity  and  decorum. 

The  famous  Empress  Dowager  and  the  Emperor  Kwang 
Hsii  died  within  one  day  of  each  other  in  November,  1908. 
The  Emperor’s  nephew,  a child  under  three  years  of  age,  was 
proclaimed  his  successor,  and  the  boy’s  father.  Prince  Ch’un, 
tvas  appointed  Regent.  An  edict  issued  in  December  prom- 
ised that  a Parliament  should  be  convened  and  a constitution 
granted  in  1917.  A comprehensive  program  of  reforms  was 
announced,  and  inaugurated  with  great  vigor.  The  most 
notable  of  these,  the  opium  reform,  long  urged  by  mission- 
aries, was  enjoined  by  edict  after  edict,  enforced  by  severe 
punishments,  and  its  success  has  compelled  the  admiration 
of  the  world  and  the  co-operation  of  Christian  nations,  in 
spite  of  vested  interests.  Yet  China  is  threatened  with  an 
almost  equal  curse  in  the  vast  and  increasing  importation  of 
cigarettes  and  intoxicants  from  the  West. 

In  October,  1910,  a National  Senate  of  262  members  was 
convened  in  Peking,  to  serve  as  a nucleus  for  the  future 
Parliament.  It  was  granted  only  deliberative  powers,  and 
when  it  demanded  to  control  the  Grand  Council,  the  throne 
refused.  In  response  to  its  continued  demands,  the  date  for 
granting  the  Constitution  and  summoning  the  Parliament  was 
advanced  to  1913. 

The  year  1911  was  one  of  great  disasters  throughout 
China.  Plague  was  prevalent,  and  unprecedented  winds  and 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


23 


rains  caused  fearful  floods,  followed  by  widespread  desolation 
and  famine  which  increased  the  general  discontent.  In  Oc- 
tober, the  spirit  of  unrest  and  the  deep-seated  hatred  of  the 
Chinese  for  the  Manchu  dynasty  culminated  in  a revolution- 
ary outbreak,  beginning  in  Chengtu,  in  Hunan  Province. 
Wuchang  was  taken  by  the  revolutionary  army  and  an  inde- 
pendent military  government  set  up.  The  movement  spread 
like  wild-fire  from  province  to  province,  in  some  places 
peacefully,  in  others  with  scenes  of  frightful  barbarity.  The 
throne  strove  to  save  itself  by  granting  every  demand.  In 
November,  the  Senate  was  empowered  to  draw  up  a consti- 
tution, which  was  done  at  forty-eight  hours’  notice,  sanc- 
tioned by  an  edict,  and  sworn  to  by  the  Regent  on  behalf  of 
the  little  Emperor.  Yuan  Shih  Kai,  the  ablest  of  the  impe- 
rial councillors,  had  been  dismissed  in  1909  through  personal 
jealousies.  He  was  now  recalled,  and  invested  with  the 
powers  of  a dictator.  Having  secured  the  loyalty  of  the 
northern  army.  Yuan  proposed  to  establish  a constitutional 
monarchy,  with  the  Manchu  Emperor  as  the  nominal  head. 
The  southern  provinces  refused  to  accept  this  plan,  and 
fighting  continued  in  the  Yangtse  valley,  with  much  loss  of 
life  and  property,  though  foreigners  were  carefully  protected 
by  both  sides.  In  December,  the  Regent  abdicated,  and  two 
guardians,  one  Chinese  and  one  Manchu,  were  appointed  for 
the  Emperor. 

A Provisional  Assembly,  representing  fourteen  provinces, 
met  at  Nanking,  December  29th,  1911,  proclaimed  the  Re- 
public of  China,  and  elected  as  temporary  President  Dr.  Sun 
Yat  Sen,  a man  educated  under  Christian  auspices  and  promi- 
nent in  the  party  of  reform.  The  dynasty  was  forced  to 
abdicate  Eebruary  12th,  and  shortly  afterward  Yuan  Shih 
Kai  was  chosen  President  of  the  Republic  of  China,  Sun  Yat 
Sen  refusing  to  hold  any  office.^  Yuan  was  inaugurated 
March  loth;  a few  days  later,  the  unpaid  troops  broke  out 
in  mutiny,  and  terror  reigned  in  Peking  and  the  vicinity, 
until  quiet  was  restored  by  the  arrival  of  foreign  troops. 
The  question  of  financing  the  new  government  is  very  serious, 
and  negotiations  for  foreign  loans  are  hindered  by  the  jeal- 


(2)  For  dates  and  details,  see  the  Statesman's  Year  Book,  1912,  Art,  China. 


24 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


ousies  of  the  Powers  and  the  vacillation  of  the  new  govern- 
ment. The  presence  in  many  districts  of  large  armed  forces, 
unpaid  and  badly  disciplined,  is  a most  serious  menace  to  the 
country. 

The  significance  of  this  extraordinary  revolution  cannot 
be  exaggerated  Mr.  Robert  E.  Speer  says,  in  the  Report 
to  the  General  Assembly,  May,  1912: 

“The  nation  which  has  the  largest  population  within  a compact 
area  of  any  nation  in  the  world,  whose  people  have  hitherto  so  lacked 
national  spirit  that  they  were  not  able  to  act  together ; a people  who 
have  had  such  insufficient  means  for  intercommunication  that  it  was 
difficult  for  one  part  of  the  empire  even  to  know  the  conditions  in 
another  part  of  the  empire;  a people  who  have  been  proverbially  con- 
servative and  slow  moving,  have  suddenly  shown  a unity  of  move- 
ment and  a solidarity  and  determination  of  action  which  would  have 
been  deemed  inconceivable  a short  time  ago.  There  is  nothing  in  his- 
tory with  which  this  upheaval  and  reconstruction  can  be  compared, 
except,  possibly,  that  which  followed  the  Crusades  in  the  Middle  Ages ; 
but  even  that  transformation,  great  as  it  was,  is  dwarfed  by  the  vaster 
transformation  upon  which  we  now  look.  Like  the  Crusades,  the  revo- 
lution in  China  has  broken  up  the  stagnation  of  the  past,  liberated  men’s 
minds  from  iron-bound  traditions,  given  wider  knowledge  of  other 
peoples,  awakened  new  aspirations,  and  so  changed  the  conditions  which 
had  hitherto  repressed  truth  and  liberty  that  it  has  made  possible  a 
better  era.  . 

“The  most  solemn  responsibility  rests  upon  the  Christian 
Churches  and  upon  their  missionaries  at  such  a time  as  this.  They 
need  to  a remarkable  degree  a combination  of  wisdom,  of  patience,  of 
fortitude,  of  courage,  and  of  firmness.  Having  been  led  by  an  im- 
perative sense  of  duty  to  preach  the  new  faith  to  the  world,  having 
declared  those  truths  which  always  and  everywhere  awaken  the  minds 
of  men,  they  must  continue  their  work.  They  cannot  set  in  motion 
such  vast  reconstructive  forces  and  then  abandon  their  efforts  when 
the  old  walls  begin  to  crumble  and  the  air  is  filled  with  flying  debris 
and  clouds  of  dust.  The  overshadowing  question  to-day  is  whether  the 
people  of  God  will  be  equal  to  the  emergency,  whether  they  will  have 
the  faith  and  determination  undismayed  to  push  their  cause.” 

No  greater  opportunity  has  been  ofifered  in  history  for 
Christian  conquest.  Never  before  has  a country  so  com- 
pletely thrown  overboard  the  old  or  more  eagerly  held  out 
her  hands  for  the  new.  The  most  conservative  nation  in  the 
world  has  become  the  most  progressive.  What  her  new 
civilization  is  to  be,  depends  very  largely  on  what  we  offer 
her,  and  how  we  offer  it.  The  pure  Gospel  of  Christ,  offered 
in  the  Spirit  of  Christ  by  the  Church  of  Christ,  will  transform 
the  “Yellow  Peril’’  into  a Golden  Blessing  to  the  world. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


25 


Work  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  which  grew  out  of  the  Western  Foreign  Missionary 
Society,  and  was  organized  October  31st,  1837,  commissioned 
Rev.  R.  W.  Orr  and  Rev.  J.  A.  Mitchell  for  the  Chinese 
Mission.  They  sailed  from  New  York  December  9th,  1837, 
for  Singapore.  Mr.  Mitchell  was  soon  removed  by  death, 
and  Mr.  Orr  was  compelled  by  failing  health  to  return  within 
two  years.  Rev.  T.  L.  McBryde,  sent  out  in  1840,  returned 
in  1843  for  the  same  reason.  The  next  reinforcements  were 
J.  C.  Hepburn,  M.  D.,  afterward  stationed  in  Japan,  and  Rev. 
Walter  M.  Lowrie,  who  met  his  death  by  the  hands  of  pirates 
in  1847. 

Dr  Hepburn  and  Mr.  Lowrie  in  1843  transferred  the 
mission  from  Singapore  to  Amoy,  China,  and  were  soon 
joined  by  the  late  Dr.  D.  B.  McCartee  and  Mr.  Richard  Cole. 
A special  appeal  was  now  made  for  funds,  and  as  a result  the 
Church  was  enabled  to  strengthen  the  mission.  Among 
those  sent  out  were  Rev.  Messrs.  R.  Q.  Way,  M.  S.  Culbert- 
son, A.  W.  Loomis,  Mr.  M.  S.  Coulter,  and  their  wives.  Rev. 
Messrs.  Brown,  Lloyd  and  A.  P.  Happer.  Macao,  Amoy 
and  Ningpo  were  occupied  as  stations. 

Our  Missions  in  China  are  now  seven,  viz.: 

1.  Central  China  Mission.  V.  Hunan  Mission. 

H.  Kiang-An  Mission  VI.  Shantung  Mission. 

HI.  South  China  Mission.  \/’H.  North  China  Mission. 
IV.  Hainan  Mission. 


In  1910.  by  the  advice  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
*a  National  Council  was  formed,  composed  of  representatives 
elected  by  the  different  Missions,  to  consider  all  questions  of 
general  importance.  Rev.  J.  Walter  Lowrie,  D.  D.,  was 
chosen  as  Chairman. 


26 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


CENTRAL  CHINA  MISSION. 

This  oldest  mission  of  our  Board  in  China  occupies  five 
stations:  Ningpo,  Shanghai,  Hangchow,  Soochow  and  Yii 
Yao.  Connected  with  these  are  over  forty  out-stations, 
where  native  preachers  are  working,  and  a number  of  preach- 
ing places,  visited  more  or  less  regularly.  These  stations 
cover  the  most  densely  populated  region  in  the  world,  con- 
taining 25,000,000  people  on  30,000  square  miles  of  territory. 

Ningpo,  one  of  the  five  ports  opened  in  1842,  is 
NINGPO  located  on  the  Ningpo  River,  twelve  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  contains,  with  its  suburbs,  a population  of 
three  hundred  thousand.  The  beautiful  and  .fertile  plain 
stretching  to  the  west  and  south  of  the  city,  intersected  with 
canals,  has  been  called  “the  very  garden  of  China.” 

Our  pioneer  missionary  in  Ningpo  was  D.  B.  McCartee, 
M.  D.,  who  arrived  Ji-ine  21st,  1844,  and  before  the  close  of 
that  year  opened  a dispensary  in  a large  Taoist  temple.  He 
was  joined  within  a few  months  by  the  Rev.  Messrs.  R.  Q. 
Way,  M.  S.  Culbertson,  A.  W.  Loomis,  and  their  wives, 
and  Rev.  W.  M.  Lowrie.  The  first  Chinese  convert.  Hung 
.\poo,  was  baptized  early  in  1845,  ^^'*^1  on  the  i8th  of  May 
in  the  same  year  a church  was  organized.  The  chapel  ser- 
vice was  conducted  at  first  by  Dr.  McCartee,  as  he  could 
speak  the  Ningpo  dialect  more  fluently  than  his  colleagues.® 
Among  the  early  members  of  the  mission  was  the  Rev.  Wil- 
liam T.  Morrison,  whose  work  was  fruitful  at  the  out- 
stations  Yii  Yao  and  San  Poh,  and  afterwards  in  the  boys’ 
school  and  the  theological  class. 

There  are  now  ten  churches  connected  with  this  station, 
one  of  which  is  self-supporting,  with  twenty-two  regular 
preaching  places.  The  pastor  and  members  of  the  Ningpo 
church  have  established  an  orphanage  for  seventy-five  boys.* 
The  field  covered  by  the  Ningpo  station,  two  hundred  miles 

(3)  For  the  early  history  of  the  Ningpo  Station  see  The  Foreign  Missiofiary and 
June,  1884. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


27 


long  and  from  twenty  to  one  hundred  miles  wide,  embraces  a 
population  of  several  millions. 

The  boys’  boarding'  school,  organized  early  in  the  history 
of  the  Mission,  was  in  1877  removed  to  Hangchow;  and  the 
Academy,  opened  in  1881,  was  transferred  to  the  same  station 
in  1909.  Day  schools,  taught  by  graduates  of  the  boarding 
schools  and  of  Hangchow  College,  are  maintained  at  strategic 
centres.  They  now  number  eleven,  with  320  pupils. 

The  girls’  boarding  school,  opened  in  1846,  now  occupies 
the  commodious  building  vacated  by  the  Academy,  and  has 
an  attendance  of  over  eighty  pupils.  The  girls  are  taught 
the  common  duties  of  housekeeping  with  their  other  studies, 
and  much  attention  is  paid  to  religious  instruction.  With 
few  exceptions,  the  pupils  have  been  converted  and  received 
into  the  Church  wdiile  members  of  the  school.  They  have 
become  wives  of  native  preachers  or  teachers,  or  have  them- 
selves engaged  in  teaching.  An  Anglo-Chinese  school  for 
high-class  girls  was  in  successful  operation  for  eight  years 
before  transfer  to  Shanghai,  enrolling  as  high  as  thirty-eight 
students,  and  exerting  a large  influence.  Physical  and  musi- 
cal drill  were  prominent  attractions.  A girls’  short  term 
boarding  school  is  also  held  for  three  or  four  months. 

Industrial  classes  for  heathen  women  have  been  very 
successful  in  winning  poor  women  to  a new  life.  The  begin- 
ning of  this  effort  was  by  Mrs.  W.  T.  Morrison  in  1861. 
Several  Bible  women  are  constantly  at  work  in  the  city  and 
the  surrounding  villages.  Christian  training  classes  for  men 
and  for  women  are  held  annually  at  Ningpo  or  Yii  Yao,  and 
are  largely  attended.  A Women’s  Club,  with  lectures,  papers 
and  discussions,  has  broken  dowm  many  prejudices  and  en- 
lightened many. 

Shanghai,  “the  Liverpool  of  China,”  in  the 
SHANGHAI  Province  of  Kiang-su,  is  a city  of  700,000  in- 
habitants (including  suburbs).  Its  European 
population  numbers  6,000.  Rev.  Messrs.  M.  S.  Culbertson 
and  J.  K.  Wight,  with  their  wives,  were  transferred  from 
Ningpo,  and  began  to  labor  here  in  July,  1850.  The  first 
convert  was  baptized  in  1859,  and  a native  church  organized 
in  i860. 


28 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Three  localities  are  now  occupied  in  this  city — the  oldest, 
within  the  English  concession  and  centering  around  the 
Mission  Press;  the  second,  outside  of  the  South  Gate;  the 
third,  within  the  American  concession,  two  and  a half  miles 
from  the  Press,  in  the  district  called  Hongkew.  In  the  Press 
station  is  the  Lowrie  Memorial  Church,  with  an  excellent 
Chinese  pastor.  They  have  erected  a fine  building,  and  carry 
on  missionary  work  of  their  own,  including  three  day  schools. 

The  South  Gate  Church  is  in  the  midst  of  a thickly-settled 
district,  where  no  other  mission  is  working.  It  has  con- 
ducted a night  school  and  a street  chapel.  Much  of  the 
work  is  done  through  Chinese  helpers.  One  member  of  the 
Hongkew  Church  has  subscribed  $i,ooo  towards  an  alms- 
house for  poor  Christians,  to  be  erected  beside  the  church. 
.\11  these  churches  are  self-supporting  and  self-governing. 
They  report  570  members. 

The  Lowrie  High  School  for  Boys  has  over  one  hundred 
pupils.  New  buildings  were  provided  by  the  Earnest 
Workers  for  China.  The  school  has  the  sympathy  and  finan- 
cial backing  of  former  students  now  in  business.  Some  of 
these  have  presented  to  the  school  Ban  Memorial  Hall,  at 
a cost  of  $4,000. 

The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is  an  active  organization  in  the  school. 

The  Girls’  Boarding  School  has  now  ninety-eight  pupils. 
Its  graduates  have  become  teachers,  kindergartners,  physi- 
cians and  helpers.  The  school  rejoices  in  a new  class  room 
building. 

Two  kindergartens  are  entirely  self-supporting. 

Four  day  schools  are  maintained,  with  120  pupils. 

The  Christian  Endeavor  movement  has  been  of  great  help 
to  the  churches  in  China,  and  especially  in  Shanghai.  It  is 
an  agency  peculiarly  suited  to  the  Chinese  mind,  with  its 
unrivalled  talent  for  organization. 

The  Mission  Press  in  Shanghai  is  a powerful  agency  for 
good  throughout  the  empire.  In  February,  1844,  Mr. 
Richard  Cole  arrived  at  Macao  with  a press  and  type,  accom- 
panied by  a young  Chinaman,  who,  in  America,  had  learned 
something  of  the  printer’s  trade.  The  first  work  undertaken 
was  an  edition  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians;  this  was  fol- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


29 


lowed  by  an  edition  of  the  Gospel  of  Luke.  In  June,  1845, 
Mr.  Cole  removed  the  press  to  Ningpo. 

The  use  of  separate  characters  instead  of  cut  blocks  was 
beg^m  in  1856.  A Frenchman  had  conceived  the  idea  of 
separating  the  complex  Chinese  character  into  its  simple 
elements,  so  that  a few  elemental  types  might  be  variously 
combined  to  form  many  different  characters.  When  the 
sum  of  $15,000  was  needed  to  secure  the  manufacture  of 
matrices  for  the  type.  King  Louis  Philippe  and  the  British 
Museum  gave  $5,000  each,  and  the  remaining  $5,000  was 
contributed  by  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 
After  this  step  in  advance  was  taken,  a type-foundry  and 
electrotyping  department  were  added  to  the  institution.^  As 
Shanghai  was  thought  to  possess  superior  advantages  as  a 
commercial  centre,  the  press  was  removed  to  that  place  in 
December,  i860. 

In  1875,  the  original  premises  were  sold  and  more  suitable 
property,  in  a central  location,  was  purchased.  The  busi- 
ness outgrew  this  also,  and  in  1902  all  the  manufacturing 
departments  were  removed  to  the  suburbs,  leaving  the  offices 
and  sales  rooms  in  the  old  quarters.  This  is  the  most  im- 
portant Mission  Press  in  the  world.  With  the  new  buildings 
and  improved  machinery,  its  capacity  is  greatly  enlarged. 
Besides  the  printing  office,  there  is  a type  foundry,  electro- 
typing and  stereotyping  rooms,  and  a bindery.  It  furnishes 
supplies  of  all  sorts,  and  especially  fonts  of  type,  for  all 
Chinese  presses  from  Singapore  to  Manchuria,  and  even  for 
the  German  Imperial  Printing  House  in  Berlin.  It  publishes 
books  for  all  the  other  missions  in  China,  and  is  the  general 
depository  for  the  Educational  Association. 

Among  other  noteworthy  books  published  are  standard 
Chinese-English  and  Japanese-English  dictionaries;  various 
editions  of  the  Scriptures,  a Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  a Con- 
cordance of  the  New  Testament,  a Harmony  of  the  Gospels, 
Interwoven  Gospels,  Commentaries  on  various  Books  of  the 
Bible,  and  many  important  scientific  and  educational  works. 

(4)  Much  of  the  success  of  the  Press  is  due  to  the  ability  and  industry  of  Mr.  William 
Gamble,  who  took  charge  of  it  in  1858.  He  was  the  first  to  make  matrices  of  Chinese  type  by 
the  electrotype  process,  and  originated  the  type-case  now  generally  in  use. 


30 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


The  demand  for  text-books  caused  by  the  Empress’s  educa- 
tional edicts  in  1902,  was  overwhelming,  and  with  all  the  new 
facilities  it  was  impossible  to  keep  up  with  the  orders.  Nearly 
114,000,000  pages  were  issued  in  1908.  Competition  with 
many  native  presses  is  now  reducing  the  output. 

Two  hundred  and  eight  workmen  are  employed,  of  whom 
about  half  are  Christians.  Every  morning  the  workmen 
gather  in  a chapel  at  the  rear  of  the  main  building,  where  a 
native  teacher  reads  from  the  Scriptures  and  leads  in  singing 
and  prayer. 

For  many  years  the  press  has  not  only  paid  its  way,  but 
brought  a yearly  surplus  of  from  $3,000  to  $8,000  into  the 
treasury. 

In  1895,  ^ superb  copy  of  the  New  Testament  was  printed, 
beautifully  bound,  and  enclosed  in  a silver  casket,  for  pre- 
sentation to  the  Dowager  Empress  on  her  sixtieth  birthday, 
by  the  Christian  women  of  China.  The  entire  cost  was 
$1,200,  and  the  givers  numbered  nearly  11,000.  In  1910,  a 
similar  presentation  to  the  Prince  Regent  and  young  Em- 
peror took  place. 

Twelve  Chinese  and  foreign  periodicals  are  printed  regu- 
larly at  this  press. 

In  1902,  all  the  Presbyterian  missions  united  to  establish 
the  first  Christian  weekly  newspaper  in  China,  The  Christian 
Intelligencer,  under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  S.  T.  Woodbridge, 
of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church.  All  these  publications 
are  circulated  not  only  in  China,  but  wherever  Chinese  emi- 
grants have  gone. 

Soochow,  “the  Paris  of  China,”  is  a city  of  over 
SOOCHOW  500,000  inhabitants,  seventy  miles  from  Shanghai. 

It  is  the  centre  of  an  immense  population. 

Mr.  Charles  Schmidt,  a European,  was  in  the  employ  of 
the  Chinese  government  during  the  Taiping  Rebellion. 
Supported  in  part  by  his  own  means,  he  undertook  evangel- 
istic work  in  Soochow  in  1868.  Rev.  and  Mrs.  George  E. 
Fitch  came  to  his  assistance,  and  in  1871  a mission  station 
was  formally  established.  Rev.  W.  S.  Holt  and  wife  arrived 
in  1873. 

A church  and  several  street  chapels-  are  the  centre  of  work 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


31 


in  the  city.  Union  tent  services  in  May,  1910,  brought  in 
1,600  inquirers.  With  great  difficulty,  property  was  bought 
for  a missionary  residence  in  Lion  Mountain,  an  out-station, 
from  which  itinerating  tours  are  constantly  made.  There  are 
four  other  out-stations. 

A boarding  school  for  boys,  dating  from  1893,  was  closed 
for  a time,  and  reopened  in  1911.  Four  day  schools  are 
carried  on. 

The  Boys’  High  School,  after  a useful  career  of  fifteen 
years,  was  consolidated  with  the  Hangchow  Academy. 

In  1898,  by  the  generosity  of  Mr.  N.  T.  Tooker,  of  New 
York,  a hospital  for  women  was  built,  and  also  a residence 
for  the  physicians.  The  formal  opening  took  place  in  Octo- 
ber, 1899,  with  a large  attendance  of  influential  visitors. 
This  hospital  has  done  much  to  allay  the  prejudice  against 
foreigners,  which  has  always  been  exceptionally  strong  in 
.Soochow.  About  6,000  patients  are  treated  annually  in  the 
hospital  and  dispensary. 

Hangchow,  the  provincial  capital  of  Chekiang, 
HANGCHOW  is  156  miles  northwest  of  Ningpo.  It  has  a 
population  of  800,000,  and  is  a stronghold  of 
idolatry.  Around  this  city  is  a population  of  1,500,000.  It 
was  entered  in  1859  by  Rev.  J.  L.  Nevius,  but  as  the  treaty 
did  not  then  allov.'  residence  in  the  interior,  he  was  not  able 
to  remain.  Two  native  churches  were,  how'ever,  the  result 
of  his  sojourn  here. 

In  1865,  mission  w'ork  was  permanently  established  by 
Rev.  D.  D..  Green,  who  was  soon  joined  by  Rev.  S.  Dodd 
and  wife. 

Three  churches,  with  480  members,  and  two  chapels,  are 
cared  for  by  native  pastors,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
mission.  The  evangelistic  work  reaches  ten  out-stations. 

The  Hangchow  College  is  now  a union  work  of  the  Cen- 
tral China  Mission  and  the  Mid-China  Mission  of  the  South- 
ern Presbyterian  Church,  with  over  one  hundred  students, 
two-thirds  of  them^  Christians.  The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is  a valu- 
able help  in  the  development  of  Christian  character  and  lead- 
ership. Six  places  have  been  supplied  with  preaching  by 
students.  Over  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  boarders  are  in 


32 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Student  Bible  Classes.  The  college  was  removed  in  1911  to 
new  buildings  on  a commanding  site,  four  miles  south  of  the 
city,  with  modern  equipment.  The  hig’h  schools  of  Soochow 
and  Ningpo  are  now  absorbed  in  the  Preparatory  Depart- 
ment of  the  college. 

A union  has  also  been  efifected  between  our  Girls’  Board- 
ing School  and  that  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Mlission. 
The  pupils  number  126,  and  now  occupy  the  old  buildings 
of  the  Boys’  College.  It  is  hoped  that  the  school  maintained 
by  the  Southern  Baptists  may  also  unite  with  this,  and  a 
Woman’s  College  be  developed. 

Training  Classes  for  men  and  for  women  are  held  annu- 
ally, with  attendance  of  from  fovir  to  thirty. 

The  city  of  Yfi  Yao  was  made  a station  in  1909,  but  its 
reports  are  still  included  with  Ningpo. 


KIANG-AN  MISSIOlSr. 

For  reasons  of  distance,  dialect,  etc.,  it  was  decided,  in 
1906,  to  divide  the  Central  China  Mission,  setting  off  the 
stations  of  Nanking  and  Hwai-yuen  as  the  Kiang-an  Mission, 
taking  its  name  from  the  initials  of  the  two  provinces  in  which 
it  is  located — Kiangsu  and  Anhui. 

A new  station  is  contemplated  at  Nan-hsu-chow. 

Nanking,  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  miles 
NANKING  northwest  of  Shanghai,  on  the  Yang-tse  Kiang, 
was  occupied  in  1876  by  Rev.  Albert  Whiting 
and  Rev.  Charles  Teaman,  after  a long  struggle  with  the 
Mandarins,  who  endeavored  to  interpret  the  treaty  in  such 
a manner  as  to  exclude  missionaries.  Mr.  Whiting  sacrificed 
his  life  in  1878  while  engaged  in  relieving  the  famine  sufferers 
in  Shensi  Province. 

Five  years  elapsed  before  land  could  be  obtained  suitable 
for  the  mission  buildings,  owing  to  the  bitter  prejudice 
against  foreigners.  During  1892,  when  many  riotous  out- 
breaks occurred,  the  missionaries  were  obliged  to  leave  the 
city  and  close  the  schools  for  a time.  But  the  people  were 
quiet  and  friendly  all  through  the  war  with  Japan,  and  a 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


33 


remarkable  proclamation  issued  by  the  Prefect  of  Nanking 
after  the  Szechuen  riots  declared  that  “the  missionaries  all 
are  really  good,  and  are  working  to  save  and  help  the  poor. 
All  villains  creating  disturbance  will  be  severely  punished.” 

During  1900,  serious  trouble  was  prevented  by  the  vigil- 
ance of  the  viceroys.  Nanking  was  the  seat  of  war  during 
the  revolution  of  1911,  and  the  capital  of  the  provisional 
government.  In  November,  while  the  city  was  besieged  by 
the  revolutionary  forces,  the  schools  were  disbanded  and  the 
missionary  families  sent  to  Shanghai.  Thirteen  men  re- 
mained, and  were  not  molested;  no  missionary  property  was 
destroyed,  and  no  Chri.stians  injured.  Of  the  committee  of 
three  chosen  to  arrange  terms  of  surrender,  two  were  mis- 
sionaries, one  of  them  Dr.  J.  C.  Garritt,  of  the  Theological 
Seminary. 

In  spite  of  the  disturbances  of  recent  years,  the  people 
manifest  an  increasing  readiness  to  hear  the  Gospel. 

In  1910  and  1911,  at  the  Chinese  New  Year,  great  union 
tent  meetings  of  five  missions  were  held  for  several  days, 
with  thousands  in  attendance.  More  than  400  inquirers  were 
the  result.  A Union  Bible  Institute  gathers  fifty  pastors  and 
evangelists  for  a month,  followed  by  an  impressive  evangel- 
istic campaign.  A Mohammedan  convert  is  among  the  most 
successful  evangeli,sts.  Work  is  carried  on  at  a number  of 
out-stations,  most  of  which  have  been  made  more  accessible 
by  the  Shanghai-Nanking  and  Tientsin-Nanking  Railways. 

The  Union  University  of  Nanking  was  opened  in  1910, 
representing  the  combined  educational  work  of  the  Method- 
ists, Disciples  and  Presbyterians.  There  are  420  students, 
13  foreign  teachers  and  26  Chinese  teachers.  A Union  Medi- 
cal School,  with  a Nurses’  Training  School,  is  to  be  affiliated 
with  the  University. 

The  Union  Theological  Seminary,  jointly  supported  by  the 
Northern  and  Southern  Presb^^terian  Churches,  includes  a 
Bible  Training  School,  in  which  the  other  missions  working 
in  Nanking  unite. 

The  Boys’  Boarding  School,  founded  in  1889  by  the  late 
Rev.  R.  E.  Abbey,  has  been  combined  with  the  College. 

The  Girls’  Boarding  School,  opened  by  Mrs.  Charles  Lea- 


34 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


man  in  1884,  the  first  girls’  school  in  the  city,  has  one  hundred 
students,  almost  all  Christians.  In  this  school,  as  in  all  the 
work  of  the  mission,  the  long  and  beautiful  service  of  Mrs. 
Leaman  (1878-1910)  has  left  an  undying  memory.  The 
school  is  now  in  charge  of  her  two  daughters. 

There  is  a Kindergarten,  with  sixty-one  pupils. 

A Boys’  Orphanage,  with  sixty  boys,  is  under  a committee 
of  Chinese  and  foreigners.  Looms  for  making  cloth  have 
been  introduced.  There  is  also  an  industrial  class  for  women. 

A Women’s  Training  School,  with  a beautiful  new  building, 
gives  careful  preparation  for  Christian  service. 

Christian  headquarters  were  established  at  the  Nanking 
Exposition  in  1910,  and  services  held  during  the  time  of  the 
exposition. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  province  of  An-hui, 
HWAI  YUEN  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  north  of  Nanking, 
is  Hwai  Yuen,  a city  of  20,000  inhabitants,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Hwai  and  Ko  Rivers.  Several  itinerating 
trips  to  this  point  made  by  the  members  of  the  Nanking 
station  prepared  the  way  for  permanent  work.  In  1902,  a 
station  was  opened  here  with  eight  missionaries.  The  entire 
work  is  supported  by  the  Central  Church  of  New  York  City. 

The  station  is  now  well  equipped  for  all  departments  of 
work.  The  new  Tientsin-Nanking  Railway  passes  within 
eight  miles.  A reading  room  and  loan  library  attract  many. 
Several  out-stations  are  maintained,  with  three  day  schools. 

The  Boys’  Boarding  School,  with  eighty  pupils,  reaches 
the  most  influential  families  of  the  city.  Its  new  building  was 
opened  in  December,  1911. 

The  Girls’  Boarding  School  is  in  a prosperous  condition. 

Hope  Hospital,  the  gift  of  Mr.  W.  C.  Lobenstine,  of  New 
York,  was  opened  in  1910.  About  6,000  patients  are  treated 
each  year.  An  excellent  little  laboratory  makes  it  possible 
to  carry  on  some  research  work  when  time  permits.  This 
work  is  specially  commended  by  the  head  of  the  London 
School  of  Tropical  Medicine,  who  sent  a gift  of  twenty  pounds 
to  be  used  for  it. 

During  1911-1912,  Kiang-an  Mission  was  the  centre  of  the 
region  ravaged  by  floods  and  famine.  The  burden  of  famine 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


35 


relief  fell  heavily  upon  Hwai-Yuen  Station,  affecting  all 
branches  of  work.  Mr.  Carter  spent  more  than  three  months 
assisting  in  the  distribution  of  grain  from  the  railway  ter- 
minal. Over  1,000,000  persons  were  enrolled  as  receiving 
aid.  Many  students  from  the  schools  and  colleges  helped  in 
the  relief  work. 


SOUTH  CHINA  MISSION. 

Canton,  the  capital  of  the  Province  of  Kwan-tung, 
CANTON  is  located  on  the  Canton  River,  seventy  miles  from 
the  sea.  It  contains  a population  of  2,500,000. 
The  first  laborers  were  Rev.  Messrs.  Happer,  Speer  and 
French,  who  removed  here  from  Macao  in  1845.  In  1846, 
a boarding  school  for  boys  was  established.  A dispensary, 
opened  in  1851,  was  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Happer  until  the 
arrival  of  Dr.  Kerr,  in  1854.  Rev.  B.  C.  Henry,  D.  D.,  was 
identified  with  the  work  here  from  1873  to  1901. 

The  First  Church  was  organized'  with  thirteen  members 
in  January,  1862.  Its  house  of  worship,  first  occupied  in 
1874,  was  located  opposite  Shameen,  an  artificial  island  near 
the  left  bank  of  the  river,  where  foreigners  reside.  This 
building  was  afterward  sold  and  the  congregation  scattered. 
Rallying  again,  the  number  increased  so  that  a new  building 
became  necessary.  Land  was  secured  in  the  best  part  of  the 
city,  and  a commodious  house  of  worship,  the  “Theodore 
Cuyler  Chapel,”  was  built.  This  church  is  entirely  self- 
supporting,  and  occupies  an  influential  position. 

The  Second  Church,  organized  in  1872,  has  a large  mem- 
bership, and  occupies  the  Preston  Memorial  Chapel,  dedi- 
cated in  1883,  in  memory  of  the  Rev.  C.  F.  Preston. 

The  Third  Church  was  organized  in  1881,  is  situated  in  the 
centre  of  the  city,  and  has  about  three  hundred  members. 

The  Fati  Church  numbers  150.  Chapel  services,  with 
daily  preaching,  are  maintained  at  different  points  in  the  city 
by  missionaries  and  native  preachers. 

Many  other  churches  in  the  neighborhood  of  Canton,  num- 
bering from  20  to  300  members,  are  cared  for  by  the  mis- 


36 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


sion.  Most  of  these  were  founded  in  the  face  of  bitter  op- 
position, and  have  always  been  more  or  less  persecuted.  In 
1894,  the  bubonic  plague  swept  away  nearly  100,000  victims 
in  Canton.  A widespread  outbreak  of  superstitious  hostility 
against  foreigners,  supposed  to  have  caused  the  pestilence, 
resulted.  The  Chapel  of  Shek  Lung  Church  was  destroyed, 
for  the  third  time  within  a few  years,  and  a Chinese  teacher 
murdered.  Recent  years  have  seen  a vast  expansion  of  the 
country  work  of  this  station,  through  extensive  itineration 
on  the  rivers  and  canals  by  Dr.  Albert  Fulton  and  others, 
and  the  training  and  employment  of  many  native  evangelists. 

There  are  more  than  forty  out-stations,  with  congregations 
of  varying  size,  not  as  yet  organized  into  churches,  many  of 
which  have  neat  chapels,  built  by  themselves.  Nearly  all 
the  Chinese  in  the  United  States  have  come  from  this  region, 
and  many  have  gone  back  to  carry  the  light  to  their  friends 
at  home;  others  have  sent  large  sums  of  money  to  build 
chapels  in  these  out-stations  and  support  teachers  and 
pastors. 

During  the  troubled  summer  of  1900,  most  of  the  mission- 
aries were  obliged  to  leave  for  a time;  almost  all  the  chapels 
in  the  country  district  were  destroyed,  and  the  Christians 
were  robbed  and  persecuted.  Now  the  tide  has  turned;  the 
people  themselves  have  restored  all  the  buildings  and  made 
good  the  damages,  and  the  ingathering  of  converts  has  been 
unprecedented,  in  spite  of  the  ravages  of  plague,  famine  and 
cholera.  The  boycott  of  American  goods  in  1906  produced 
temporary  disturbance  and  interruption.  The  work  of  the 
mission  was  seriously  affected  by  the  political  disturbances  of 
1911-1912,  although  both  sides  carefully  avoided  any  inter- 
ference with  foreigners  and  none  of  the  mission  property  in 
Canton  was  injured. 

A Boys’  Boarding  School,  opened  in  1885,  gave 
SCHOOLS  a thorough  Christian  training  to  more  than  300 

boys,  many  of  whom  have  become  preachers  and 
teachers.  In  1893,  it  was  incorporated  with  the  “Christian 
College”  founded  by  the  late  Dr.  Happer,  as  the  crowning 
labor  of  the  long  and  fruitful  life  which  he  devoted  to  the 
service  of  China.  This  college,  while  in  close  connection 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


37 


with  the  mission,  is  controlled  by  its  own  Board  of  Trustees. 
It  now  occupies  a fine  site  on  the  river  below  Canton,  and  its 
equipment  and  opportunities  are  constantly  expanding. 

Within  the  last  few  years,  the  educational  work  of  the  mis- 
sion has  been  systematized  on  a definite  plan.  The  idea  is 
to  have  a primary  school  in  every  out-station ; in  each  central 
station  a higher  school,  preparing  pupils  for  the  Canton 
Middle  Schools;  these  in  turn  leading  up  to  professional 
courses. 

The  work  for  boys  in  Canton  centres  in  the  Fati  Schools, 
under  the  care  of  Rev.  H.  V.  Noyes,  D.  D.,  with  Preparatory, 
Middle  School  and  Theological  Departments,  which  now 
occupy  the  buildings  vacated  by  the  Christian  College.  The 
property  has  recently  been  enlarged  .and  improved  by  the 
generosity  of  Mr.  L.  H.  Severance.  There  are  five  foreign 
professors,  a Chinese  faculty  of  seven,  to  whose  faithfulness 
much  praise  is  given,  and  five  student  tutors,  with  nearly 
200  students.  About  one-third  of  these  come  from  other 
missions,  and  nearly  all  are  from  Christian  families. 

The  Theological  School  is  under  the  united  care  of  our 
own  mission,  the  New  Zealand  and  Canadian  Presbyterians, 
the  American  Board  and  the  Rhenish  Mission.  The  students 
represent  five  denominations  and  are  active  in  practical  evan- 
gelistic work. 

The  Canton  “True  Light”  Seminary  was  opened  in  1872 
by  Miss  Harriet  Noyes,  the  first  unmarried  woman  sent  out 
to  South  China  by  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions.  She  still 
superintends  it,  assisted  by  Miss  Butler,  Miss  Lewis  and  Miss 
L.  R.  Patton.  It  comprises  a training  school  for  women, 
and  a girls’  boarding  school,  with  advanced,  intermediate  and 
primary  grades.  There  are  over  300  pupils,  most  of  them 
Christians.  A Normal  Department  was  opened  in  1908,  and 
has  already  graduated  a class  of  eleven.  As  teachers,  Bible 
women,  nurses  or  physicians,  more  than  400  graduates  of 
the  Seminary  have  found  fields  of  large  usefulness.  The 
Chinese  principal  has  for  many  years  given  her  services  freely 
to  the  school,  and  123  students  paid  all  their  own  expenses. 
A Union  Bible  School  for  Women,  representing  all  the  mis- 
sions in  Canton,  numbered  seventy. 


38 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Numerous  day  schools  are  maintained  in  Canton  and 
vicinity. 

Dr.  Peter  Parker,  the  founder  of  medical 
MEDICAL  WORK  missions  in  China,  opened  a hospital  in 
Canton  in  1835,  chiefly  for  the  treatment  of 
diseases  of  the  eye.  In  1854,  the  care  of-  the  hospital  was 
transferred  to  Dr.  J.  G.  Kerr,  who  continued  to  superintend 
it  until  1899,  training  many  young  men  for  service,  publishing 
twenty  medical  works  in  Chinese,  and  gaining  world-fame  as 
a surgeon.  He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  J.  M.  Swan.  Dr.  Sun 
Yat  Sen,  the  reformer,  studied!  in  this  hospital,  and  was  in- 
structed by  Dr.  Kerr  and  Dr.  Mary  Niles.  In  1909,  the 
entire  support  and  control  of  the  hospital  were  taken  over  by 
the  Canton  Medical  Missionary  Society,  an  association  of 
Chinese  and  foreigners.  Over  20,000  patients  are  treated 
annually. 

In  April,  1903,  was  opened  the  David  Gregg  Hospital  for 
Wom.en  and  Children,  built  by  the  Lafayette  Avenue  Church, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  The  Hackett  Medical  College  for  Women 
has  been  established  in  connection  with  this  hospital  and  has 
graduated  forty-six  young  women.  The  Julia  M.  Turner 
Training  School  for  Nurses  has  forty  young  women  in  its 
classes.  Its  graduates  are  in  great  demand  and  a new  build- 
ing will  provide  increased  room  for  kitchen  and  laundry. 
All  the  medical  -work  for  women  is  in  charge  of  Dr.  Mary 
Fulton.  Thousands  of  people  are  reached  through  the  dis- 
pensaries. The  largest  is  in  Poon  Tong,  in  the  western 
suburb. 

A home*  for  the  untainted  children  of  lepers  has  been  estab- 
lished, and  efforts  are  making  to  care  medically  for  the  large 
Canton  leper  colony  and  secure  its  segregation. 

A School  for  the  Blind,  established  by  Dr.  Mary  W.  Niles, 
is  rejoicing  in  the  completion  of  a new  building,  opened  in 
October,  1910.  Thirty-one  girls  are  in  the  school, , which 
hopes  soon  to  provide  also  for  boys. 

Mrs.  Kerr,  Dr.  Selden  and  Dr.  Hoffman  maintain  the  work 
of  the  John  G.  Kerr  Refuge  for  the  Insane,  which  reports 
387  patients.  From  the  beginning  there  have  been  1,480 
patients.  Much  evangelistic  work  is  done  here,  among  rela- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


39 


tives  and  friends  of  the  patients.  A dispensary  is  open  twice 
a week. 

The  East  River  work,  which  centres  at  Shek  Lung,  is  in 
charge  of  missionaries  residing  at  that  place,  but  connected 
with  the  Canton  station. 

Lien  Chow,  200  miles  northwest  of  Canton  by 
LIEN  CHOW  water,  was  long  an  out-station  of  Canton.  It  is 
an  important  point,  lying  near  the  province  of 
Hunan,  and  within  easy  reach  of  the  lus,  an  aboriginal  tribe 
inhabiting  the  hill  country,  who  seem  peculiarly  open  to 
evangelistic  work. 

A chapel  was  built  by  Rev.  B.  C.  Henry  in  1879,  and  a 
church  organized  in  1886,  with  a Chinese  pastor.  In  the 
same  year  a chapel  was  built  at  Sam  Kong,  ten  miles  distant. 
Afterwards  a third  station  was  occupied  at  Kang  Hau. 

During  the  outbreak  of  1900,  the  missionaries  took  refuge 
for  a time  in  the  open  ports.  The  station  suffered  heavily 
in  the  destruction  of  chapels  and  of  the  homes  of  native  Chris- 
tians. With  the  indemnity  promptly  paid  by  the  Chinese 
government,  new  chapels  were  erected,  better  than  those 
destroyed.  On  October  28th,  1905,  the  station  was  attacked 
by  a mob,  infuriated  by  the  then  prevalent  anti-foreign  feel- 
ing, all  property  destroyed,  and  Mrs.  E.  C.  Machle  and 
daughter  Amy,  Dr.  Eleanor  Chestnut,  and  the  Rev.  and 
Mrs.  John  R.  Peak  (new  arrivals),  murdered.  Dr.  Machle 
and  Miss  Patterson  escaped  and  were  sent  to  Canton  under 
armed  escort.  Indemnity  for  property  was  paid  by  the  gov- 
ernment, an  imperial  edict  carved  on  a stone  tablet  and 
erected  near  the  temple  adjacent  to  the  mission  premises 
(this  temple  being  transformed  into  a school),  a memorial 
tablet  erected  near  the  cave  where  the  missionaries  were 
murdered,  and  effective  protection  promised.  More  than  a 
year  after  the  massacre,  work  was  resumed  by  foreigners  at 
Lien  Chow,  the  native  evangelists  alone  having  cared  for  that 
region  during  the  interval.  Twenty-five  were  received  into 
the  Church  that  year.  Again  the  station  has  been  rebuilt, 
better  than  before.  There  are  three  churches — Lien  Chow, 
Sam  Kong  and  Ham  Kwong. 


40 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


In  the  autumn  of  1910,  riots  broke  out  at  Sam  Kong,  and 
the  mob  burned  many  buildings,  among  them  our  mission 
chapel.  Our  property  in  Lien  Chow  was  guarded  by  soldiers 
for  some  time,  but  no  harm  done  there.  The  schools  were 
broken  up  for  a time. 

The  Boys’  Boarding  School  enrolls  seventy  boarding  and 
day  pupils,  and  refuses  others  for  lack  of  room  and  of  teach- 
ing force.  A special  theological  class  has  been  under 
instruction. 

The  Girls’  Boarding  School  reports  about  fifty  pupils, 
almost  all  Christians,  with  an  active  Y.  P.  S.  C.  E.  A new 
building  for  class  rooms  was  added  in  1911. 

Sam  Kong  has  a good  day  school,  with  about  fifty  pupils 
paying  their  own  tuition. 

The  Van  Norden  Hospital  for  Men  and  the  Brooks  Me- 
morial Hospital  for  Women,  have  both  been  reopened  and 
the  usual  work  resumed.  There  are  three  dispensaries  at 
out-stations. 

Yeung  Kong,  150  miles  southwest  of  Canton, 
YEUNG  KONG  was  occupied  in  1886.  Serious  disturbances 
from  time  to  time  interrupted  the  work,  but 
under  the  care  of  Rev.  Andrew  Beattie  there  were  large 
accessions  to  the  Church.  This  station  was  necessarily  de- 
serted during  the  Boxer  outbreak,  but  the  property  remained 
intact.  The  missionaries  were  cordially  received  on  their 
return. 

The  local  church  is  paying  all  expenses  and  half  of  the 
preacher’s  salary.  Attendance  sometimes  reaches  300,  and 
all  remain  to  Sunday  school.  Classes  for  inquirers  are  taught 
by  preachers  and  Bible  women. 

Ten  chapels  are  grouped  under  the  two  churches  of  Shui 
Lung  and  Mui  Luk,  on  the  Ko  Chou  field.  The  “group  of 
ten  system”  of  Bethany  Sunday  School,  Philadelphia,  has 
been  adopted  for  the  widely  scattered  members. 

Three  new  chapels  have  been  developed  within  the  past 
year. 

Medical  itineration  is  carried  on.  A workers’  conference 
was  held  for  eleven  days  in  June,  and  538  days  of  evangelistic 
service  pledged. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


41 


In  Yeung  Kong  city  there  is  a boys’  school,  with  two 
teachers,  preparing  boys  for  the  Fati  school.  There  are 
seven  schools  in  connection  with  the  chapels,  and  might  be 
more  if  teachers  could  be  found. 

A Boarding  and  Day  School  for  Girls,  conducted  in  unsat- 
isfactory old  Chinese  buildings,  has  an  industrial  department. 
The  school  numbers  about  sixty  pupils. 

The  Forman  Hospital  is  the  only  one  within  a radius  of 
one  hundred  miles.  It  treats  over  6,000  patients  annually, 
and  is  practically  self-supporting. 


HAINAN  MISSION. 

The  Island  of  Hainan  is  situated  at  the  extreme  southern 
point  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  and  is  290  miles  southeast  of 
Hongkong.  It  is  about  twice  the  size  of  New  Jersey,  160 
miles  long,  90  miles  wide,  with  a population  estimated  at 
2,500,000. 

About  one-third  of  the  island  is  in  possession  of  the 
original  inhabitants,  the  Loi,  who  occupy  the  whole  of  the  hill 
country  and  a part  of  the  northwestern  plain.  The  remainder 
is  occupied  by  descendants  of  emigrants  from  the  regions 
about  Amoy.  A few  thousand  Hakkas  are  also  found  in  the 
district  near  the  hills. 

The  Loi  are  generally  taller  and  finer  looking  than  the 
Chinese,  have  gentle  manners,  and  while  the  different  tribes 
have  constant  trouble  among  themselves,  they  are  kindly 
disposed  towards  strangers  and  seldom  attack  the  Chinese, 
unless  they  have  received  some  injury  from  them.  They  are 
governed  by  their  own  chiefs,  some  of  whom  recognize 
Chinese  authority.  They  have  their  own  language,  but  some 
understand  the  Hainanese  dialect.  The  only  other  mission- 
aries are  French  Catholics. 

The  first  Protestant  missionary  effort  was  undertaken  by 
Mr.  C.  C.  Jeremiassen,  then  an  independent  missionary,  who 
came  to  the  island  in  1881,  and  first  made  his  headquarters 
at  Hoihow,  the  only  port  open  to  foreign  trade.  Early 
the  following  year,  he  made  an  entire  circuit  of  the  island. 


42 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


selling  books  and  dispensing  medicines.  Mr.  Jeremiassen 
continued  the  work  alone  until  he  Joined  the  Canton  Mission 
in  1885.  During  that  year,  Rev.  H.  V.  Noyes,  of  Canton, 
visited  the  chapel  in  Nodoa,  a market  town,  examined 
twenty-two  applicants  for  baptism,  and  baptized  nine. 

In  November,  1885,  Dr.  McCandliss  moved  to 
KIUNGCHOW  Kiungchow,  the  capital  of  the  island,  three 
miles  inland.  In  February  he  was  joined  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilman.  In  1887,  the  station  rented  an  ances- 
tral hall  for  hospital  purposes.  One  evening,  during  the 
triennial  examination,  a soldier  was  shot.  He  was  taken  to 
the  hospital,  the  wound  dressed  amidst  hundreds  of  specta- 
tors, and  his  life  was  saved,  and  this  brought  the  hospital 
work  into  great  prominence. 

There  are  six  chapels  in  Hoihow  and  Kiungchow,  the  two 
places  forming  one  station.  At  Hoihow,  a beautiful  stone 
church  has  been  erected  to  the  memory  of  Mr.  Jeremiassen, 
seating  500,  the  first  contribution  of  $100  coming  from  a 
poor  Chinese  widow. 

A large  itinerating  work  among  the  Loi  is  carried  on  by 
the  station.'  Two  strong  clans  from  the  hitherto  hostile  dis- 
trict of  Vunsio  have  recently  requested  and  received  mission- 
ary visits,  and  sent  many  young  men  to  seek  instruction. 
Persecution  is  decreasing.  A class  for  women  is  maintained. 

The  Paxton  Training  School,  established  in  1905,  has  an 
academic  department,  with  about  sixty  students.  A day 
school  serves  as  a feeder.  The  local  mandarin  shows  sym- 
pathetic interest. 

The  Albert  J.  Pitkin  Memorial  Girls’  School  building  has 
dorm.itories,  a room  for  the  sick,  and  a prayer  room,  also  two 
large  school  rooms,  library  and  reading  room,  music  room, 
office  and  reception  room,  and  private  class  room.  There 
are  about  fifty  students. 

In  1897,  a hospital  was  built  at  Hoihow,  to  which  the  for- 
eign residents  have  since  added  an  isolation  ward  and  a 
morgue  at  their  own  expense.  It  has  proved  of  the  greatest 
service  to  the  community  in  recent  epidemics  of  plague  and 
cholera.  At  this  hospital,  about  6,000  patients  are  treated 
annually.  Four  young  men  are  under  instruction  as  assist- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


43 


ants.  With  the  assistance  of  the  foreign  community,  Dr. 
McCanclliss  is  caring  for  the  Hoihow  lepers  in  their  village 
outside  the  city  walls. 

An  out-station  was  opened  in  1903  at  Lia  Kha,  on  the 
mainland,  twelve  or  fifteen  miles  from  Hoihow.  Hainanese 
is  spoken,  and  the  medical  work  of  Dr.  McCandliss  has 
opened  the  way  for  a friendly  reception  of  the  missionaries. 
The  whole  peninsula  of  Lui-ciu,  with  a dense  population,  has 
no  Protestant  mission  work,  except  through  ocdasional  itin- 
erating trips. 

During  1886  and  1887,  a large  force  of  soldiers  was 
NODOA  stationed  at  Nodoa,  ninety  miles  from  Kiungchow, 
to  quell  the  district  feud  and  to  open  the  Loi  country 
to  the  south.  During  the  summer  of  1887,  fever  broke  out 
among  them  and  many  died.  Mr.  Jeremiassen  immediately 
went  to  them  and  was  so  successful  in  treating  them  that  not 
a , single  patient  died  under  his  care.  For  his  services,  the 
officer  in  charge  gave  him  a site  and  money  to  erect  two 
cheap  hospital  buildings,  one  of  which  was,  at  the  expense 
of  the  mission,  made  permanent  and  is  still  in  use  as  a school 
building. 

Rev.  F.  P.  Gilman  and  Mrs.  Gilman  went  to  Nodoa  in 
1889,  and  were  followed  by  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Melrose  and  wife. 
A chapel  was  built,  a dispensary  opened,  and  schools  begun 
for  boys  and  girls.  The  first  church  in  Hainan  was  organ- 
ized here  in  IQ03,  with  nearly  one  hundred  members.  The 
neighboring  villages  are  visited  and  many  portions  of  the 
Scriptures  sold.  The  deaths  of  Mr.  Melrose  in  1898  and  of 
Mrs.  Gilman  in  I'Sgq  were  severely  felt.  A fruitful  work  for 
women  is  under  the  care  of  Mrs.  Melrose. 

Recent  years  have  seen  very  rapid  growth.  The  church 
has  250  m.embers,  and  about  300  catechumens  and  inquirers, 
and  they  are  increasing  their  measure  of  self-support.  There 
are  six  out-stations.  Four  Bible  women  are  employed,  who 
visit  in  the  villages. 

The  Boys’  Boarding  School  has  more  applicants  than  can 
be  received.  Seven  dialects  are  represented.  The  school 
boys  run  the  small  Mission  Press,  which  printed  56,000  pages 


44 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


in  1911.  The  station  is  planning  the  establishment  of  a 
school  in  each  Christian  community. 

The  Girls’  Boarding  School  is  full  to  the  limit  of  its  capa- 
city. The  pupils  do  their  own  cooking  and  housework. 

The  Mary  Henry  Hospital  has  been  enlarged.  About 
10,000  patients  annually  are  treated,  and  all  hear  the  Gospel. 

This  station,  opened  in  1902  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Gil- 
KACHEK  man.  Rev.  C.  H.  Newton  and  Dr.  Lasell,  is  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  island,  on  a navigable 
river,  twelve  miles  from  the  sea.  The  mission  compound, 
with  a dwelling-house  and  space  for  the  new  hospital  build- 
ing, is  well  situated,  with  a fine  outlook.  The  street  chapel 
is  in  the  town,  about  a mile  distant.  The  field,  particularly 
to  the  east  and  north,  is  opening  wonderfully.  There  are 
three  efficient  Chinese  helpers.  A church  has  been  organ- 
ized, with  two  elders  and  two  deacons,  and  about  fifty  mem- 
bers. Seven  country  chapels  form  centres  for  itineration. 

The  McCormick  Boys’  School,  opened  in  1904,  has  about 
forty  students,  who  have  daily  calisthenics  and  military  drill 
in  addition  to  a full  curriculum  of  studies.  A self-supporting 
day  school  at  Lok-lah,  175  miles  distant,  is  very  successful. 
Girls’  day  schools  are  conducted  for  three  to  five  months  in 
several  villages. 

The  hospital,  besides  caring  for  5,000  patients,  maintains 
an  opium  refuge,  largely  self-supporting.  This  medical  work 
was  begun  in  1903. 


HUNAN  MISSION. 

The  great  province  of  Hunan,  lying  north  of  Kwang-tung, 
is  one  of  the  richest  and  most  populous  of  China.  Its  peo- 
ple have  always  been  noted  for  their  intensely  conservative 
and  anti-foreign  spirit.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dingle,  who  were 
stationed  for  some  time  at  Lienchou,  in  the  north  of 
Kwangtung,  were  familiar  with  the  Mandarin  dialect 
spoken  in  Hunan,  and  for  that  reason  were  able  to  do  much 
work  over  the  border  of  that  province.  In  1899,  the  time 
seemed  favorable  to  open  a station  in  Hunan.  After  explor- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


45 


ing  the  field,  Mr.  Lingle  decided  that  the  populous  valley  of 
the  Siang  River,  which  flows  north  into  the  Yangtze,  was  the 
most  central  and  accessible  location  for  the  new  work.  The 
river  is  navigable  for  most  of  its  length  by  small  steamers, 
giving  direct  communication  with  Hankow  and  Shanghai, 
and  the  railroad  now  in  construction  from  Canton  to 
Hankow  will  pass  through  this  valley.  Of  the  three  large 
cities  on  the  river,  Siangtan  was  selected  as  offering 
most  advantages.  Mr.  Lingle  was  received  there  with  great 
kindness  and  was  able  to  secure  property  for  his  purpose. 
In  February,  1900,  the  Board  authorized  the  organization 
of  a separate  mission  for  Hunan.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lingle,  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Boyd,  and  Miss  L.  W.  Doolittle,  M.  D.,  were 
appointed  to  occupy  Siangtan.  Mrs.  L.  J.  Doolittle  was 
transferred  from  the  Central  China  Mission  to  accompany 
her  daughter,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gelwicks,  F.  J.  Looker,  M. 
D.-,  Rev.  T.  W.  Mitchell,  Miss  Kolfrat  and  Dr.  Stephen  Lewis 
were  afterward  added  to  the  force. 

At  the  time  of  the  Boxer  outbreak,  all  the  foreigners  were 
compelled  to  withdraw  for  a time,  but  thanks  to  the  ability 
tof  the  enlightened  viceroy  of  the  province,  Chang  Chih  Tung, 
there  was  no  serious  disturbance.  When  work  was  resumed 
the  next  year,  a remarkable  change  was  manifest  in  the  atti- 
tude of  officials  and  people.  Formerly  no  Hunan  man  would 
have  dared  to  avow  him.self  a Christian.  Now  the  danger  is 
in  the  opposite  direction,  and  the  prestige  and  protection  of 
the  Christian  name  are  eagerly  sought  by  the  unworthy.  In 
1902,  five  chapels  were  started  in  different  places,  under  the 
name  of  our  mission,  by  men  who  knew  nothing  of  Christian- 
ity. In  the  capital  city,  Chang-sha,  where  a few  years  ago  a 
foreigner’s  life  would  not  have  been  safe,  a three  days’  con- 
ference was  held  in  1903  of  thirty-two  representatives  from 
all  the  denominations  working  in  Hunan. 

Here  is  now  established  the  Yale  University  Mission,  which 
will  be  the  centre  of  higher  education  for  all  the  region.  In 
1907,  the  union  of  the  Presbyterian  and  Cumberland  Churches 
added  two  stations  and  eight  missionaries  to  the  mission. 

Hunan  was  the  earliest  centre  of  the  revolution  of  1910- 
1912,  and  most  of  the  foreigners  were  obliged  to  flee  to  the 


46 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


coast  during  the  disturbances.  Mr.  Kepler,  of  Siangtan,  who 
was  obliged  to  go  to  Hankow  on  mission  business,  was  there 
when  the  city  was  taken,  November,  1911,  and  was  seriously 
injured  by  a stray  bullet.  None  of  our  mission  property  was 
destroyed,  but  all  work  was  necessarily  hindered  or  inter- 
rupted. 

The  twelve  years  of  work  here  have  seen  steady 
SIANGTAN  growth,  in  spite  of  many  misfortunes  and  disap- 
pointments. The  church  now  numbers  about 
eighty;  a new  building,  given  by  Mrs.  C.  P.  Turner,  was 
dedicated  in  1909.  A chapel  in  the  city  is  crowded  every 
evening,  and  the  reading  room  and  classes  well  attended. 
There  are  four  out-stations,  each  with  a resident  helper  and 
usually  a day  school. 

The  John  D.  Wells  Boarding  School  for  Boys,  opened  in 
1905,  is  more  than  full  with  about  seventy  pupils.  A new 
dining  hall  has  recently  been  built.  Inspired  by  the  spirit  of 
New  China,  fifteen  of  the  boys  cut  off  their  queues,  which 
they  sold  for  the  benefit  of  their  Y.  M.  C.  A.  treasury. 

The  Sunnyside  School  for  Girls,  under  Miss  Kohlfrat,  be- 
gan in  1904  with  one  poor  little  girl.  There  are  now  about 
thirty. 

Medical  work  was  begun  in  1902  by  Dr.  Leila  Doolittle, 
in  an  old  temple  near  the  compound.  The  Nathaniel  Tooker 
Hospital  was  opened  in  March,  1907.  Under  Dr.  Vander- 
burgh and  Dr.  Tooker  it  has  gained  the  people’s  confidence, 
and  over  6,000  patients  were  treated  last  year.  An  earnest 
evangelist  assists  in  the  work. 

This  city,  170  miles  south  of  Changsha,  on  the 
HENGCHOW  Siang  River,  was  visited  by  Presbyterian  evan- 
gelists from  Lienchow  (South  China)  as  early 
as  1896.  After  1900,  evangelists  were  stationed  here.  In 
the  fall  of  1902,  two  new  missionaries.  Rev.  T.  W.  Mitchell 
and  Dr.  S.  C.  Lewis,  still  language  students,  took  up  residence 
here.  A year  later.  Rev.  G.  L.  Gelwicks  and  wife  took 
charge,  the  others  going  on  to  Chenchow.  Other  workers 
have  since  been  added. 

In  addition  to  the  city  work,  thirty  country  towns  are  regu- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


47 


larly  visited,  with  the  help  of  five  evangelists.  There  are 
twenty-four  baptized  members  in  the  city,  nineteen  in  the 
country.  Of  the  church’s  offerings,  five-tenths  are  for  the 
local  church,  three-tenths  for  work  in  China,  two-tenths  for 
foreign  missions. 

A Boys’  School  has  fifteen  pupils,  five  paying  in  full. 

Regular  work  for  women  is  carried  on. 

Medical  work  was  begun  in  1908.  A hospital,  just  com- 
pleted, is  ready  for  equipment. 

An  Evangelists’  Training  School  has  fourteen  students, 
coming  from  all  our  stations.  A class  of  four  was  graduated, 
after  five  years  of  steady  work. 

This  station  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1903, 
CHENCHOW  though  evangelists  from  Canton  Presbytery  had 
gone  there  as  early  as  1888,  organizing  the  first 
Protestant  church  in  Hunan  in  1894  at  Linwuhsien.  This 
church  now  has  200  members,  and  has  sent  out  many  Chris- 
tian workers.  Fugitives  from  Linwu,  in  the  early  days,  estab- 
lished a church  in  the  mountains  within  the  borders  of  a 
“Miao”  (aborigines)  reservation.  At  Lanshan,  the  two 
original  members  have  become  thirty-six,  who  plan  to  erect 
a church,  but  have  met  much  local  opposition.  The  work 
of  the  London  Missionary  Society  in  Southern  Hunan  has 
been  united  with  our  own. 

In  the  city  there  are  now  thirty-eight  communicant  mem- 
bers, and  a new  church  was  dedicated  in  1911. 

Work  is  carried  on  in  chapels  at  the  East  Gate  and  the 
.South  Gate.  The  G.  E.  Society  has  thirty-five  members. 
There  are  six  out-stations  in  a field  of  6,000  square  miles. 

The  Boys’  Boarding  School  has  over  forty  pupils,  from 
eight  counties,  and  is  strongly  Christian. 

The  Girls’  Boarding  School  enrolls  twenty;  some  of  them 
walk  eighty  miles  to  school.  A new  building  is  to  be  erected. 

There  are  three  day  schools,  with  thirty-two  pupils. 

The  hospital  is  just  completed  and  equipped.  The  forty 
beds  were  all  filled  soon  after  opening.  About  5,000  out- 
patients have  been  treated.  Medical  itineration  has  relieved 
many  sufferers  and  afforded  evangelistic  opportunity. 


48 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


This  city,  on  the  Yuen  River,  commercially  one 
CHANGTEH  of  the  most  important  cities  in  the  province,  was 
opened  by  the  Cumberland  Church  in  January, 
1899,  the  missionaries  moving  from  Ichang.  In  1905,  a 
station  was  also  opened  at  Taoyuen,  thirty  miles  away.  On 
the  union  of  the  two  Churches,  these  stations  became  part  of 
the  Hunan  Mission  in  1907.  In  1909,  union  revival  services 
proved  spiritually  fruitful,  and  man}^  decisions  were  made. 
A Buddhist  nun  recently  entered  the  church.  Famine  relief, 
during  the  past  year,  was  carried  on  largely  by  Chinese.  The 
C.  E.  Society  is  very  active,  both  at  Changteh  and  at  Tao- 
yuen, now  an  out-station,  with  two  resident  missionaries. 

The  John  Miller  Boys’  School  has  all  the  students  that  can 
be  accommodated  in  the  present  building. 

A Girls’  Boarding  School  was  opened  in  1909. 

The  medical  work,  begun  in  1899,  increases  constantly,  so 
that  patients  have  to  be  turned  away  from  the  hospital.  A 
new  building  is  promised  this  year.  Land  for  a women’s 
hospital  was  given  in  1911  by  the  women  of  Salt  River  (Mo.) 
Presbytery,  and  a temporary  ward  erected. 

The  city  and  district  of  Changteh  have  been  visited  for 
several  successive  years  by  terrible  floods,  causing  great 
destruction  and  suffering. 


SHANTUNG  MISSION. 

The  East  Shantung  Mission,  comprising  the  stations  at 
Chefoo,  Tengchow  and  Tsingtau;  and  the  West  Shantung 
Mission,  including  Weihsien,  Tsinanfu,  Tsiningchou,  Ichoufu 
and  Yihsien,  were  reunited  in  1911. 

The  Province  of  Shantung,  lying  between  the  Yellow  Sea 
and  the  Gulf  of  Peichihli,  is  about  the  size  of  Missouri,  and 
contains  29,000,000  people.  It  has  been  the  fountain  of 
intellectual  life  in  China-^the  home  of  Confucius,  Laotzu 
and  other  sages — and  has  proved  a peculiarly  fruitful  field 
for  Christian  work.  Rev.  J.  L.  Nevius  was  among  the 
pioneers  of  the  mission,  first  visiting  the  province  in  1861, 
and  until  his  death  in  1893  he  devoted  to  it  all  the  energies 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


49 


of  a singularly  gifted  nature.  Assisted  by  his  colleagues, 
he  instituted  the  systematic  itineration  and  country  work 
which  laid  deep  and  broad  foundations  for  the  native  church. 

In  1877,  and  again  in  1889-90,  Shantung  was  devastated 
by  frightful  famines.  Dr.  Nevius,  known  and  respected 
through  the  entire  region,  organized  relief,  and  with  other 
missionaries,  spent  many  months  in  the  midst  of  the  sufiferers. 
Over  $200,000  was  distributed  in  1890,  giving  aid  to  150,000 
sufferers.  By  this  means  Christianity  was  commended  to 
many  who  had  never  heard  of  it,  and  large  accessions  to  the 
churches  followed. 

In  1899  came  fearful  floods,  by  which  thousands  were 
drowned  and  hundreds  of  thousands  ruined.  Famine  fol- 
lowed, then  pestilence.  Drought  and  caterpillars  destroyed 
the  crops.  The  unhappy  people  were  only  too  ready  to  listen 
to  the  violent  counsels  of  the  Boxer  leaders,  who  declared 
that, the  foreigners  were  to  blame  for  all  their  troubles.  Mobs 
and  riots  broke  out  everywhere.  December  31st,  1899,  the 
Rev.  Sydney  Brooks,  an  English  missionary,  was  barbarously 
murdered.  This  aroused  the  foreign  residents,  whose  vigor- 
ous remonstrances  obliged  the  government  to  make  some 
pretense  of  repressing  the  disorders.  Thanks  to  this,  all  the 
missionaries  in  the  province  were  able  to  reach  the  coast  in 
safety,  but  the  Christians  suffered  terrible  persecution  and 
many  were  killed. 

The  destruction  so  suddenly  wrought  was  repaired  with 
marvelous  rapidity.  In  less  than  three  years  all  work  had 
been  resumed  and  the  churches  and  schools  rebuilt  and  re- 
filled. The  most  important  task  was  to  gather  and  reorganize 
the  persecuted  flock.  By  the  exercise  of  extraordinary  tact 
and  patience,  all  indemmities  were  settled  without  friction. 
The  amount  asked  for  by  foreigners  and  Chinese  was  a small 
part  of  the  real  losses,  and  in  some  cases  nothing  at  all. 

Tengchou,  on  the  Gulf  of  Peichihli,  having  a 
TENGCHOU  population  of  150,000,  is  an  important  literary 
centre.  Rev.  Messrs.  Gayley  and  Danforth 
began  to  labor  here  in  1861.  Mr.  Gayley  was  soon  removed 
by  death  and  Mr.  Danforth  by  loss  of  health,  but  the  mission 
was  reinforced  by  Rev.  Charles  H.  Mills  and  his  wife,  trans- 


50 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


ferred  from  Shanghai.  In  1864,  Rev.  C.  W.  Mateer  and  Rev. 
H.  J.  Corbett,  with  their  wives,  arrived.  A church  was  or- 
ganized in  1862.  Dr.  Mills  continued  his  active  labors  until 
his  sudden  death  in  1895,  and  the  Shantung  Church  will  long 
bear  the  impress  of  his  devoted  service. 

The  missionaries  were  driven  away  during  the  Boxer  up- 
rising, but  the  buildings  were  uninjured.  Since  the  return 
the  number  of  converts  received  has  been  greater  than  ever 
before. 

The  educational  work  has  always  been  very  important 
here.  In  1866,  a boys’  school  was  established  by  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Mateer.  This  grew  into  a high  school,  and  afterward 
(1881)  into  Tengchou  College,  one  of  the  best  institutions  of 
its  day.  In  1904  the  college  was  removed  to  Weihsien  and 
became  part  of  the  new  Shantung  University.  The  Boys’ 
High  School  continues  to  prosper  under  the  care  of  Rev.  J. 
P.  Irwin  and  Mrs.  Irwin. 

The  Girls’  Boarding  School,  begun  by  Mrs.  Nevius  in  1862, 
has  trained  many  girls  for  lives  of  usefulness.  A gift  of  land 
by  Mr.  L.  H.  Severance  in  the  east  suburb  will  provide  new 
buildings  for  this  school,  as  well  as  a new  hospital  and  several 
dwelling  houses.  The  old  buildings  in  the  city  will  accommo- 
date the  day  schools  and  the  Women’s  Bible  Training  School. 

There  are  seven  day  schools  in  the  city  and  twenty  in  the 
country  districts. 

The  city  church,  with  a native  pastor,  has  341  members. 
It  conducts  three  .Sunday  schools.  At  the  street  chapel  and 
museum,  the  attendance  averages  12,000  annually.  There  are 
thirty-four  out-stations,  with  over  500  members. 

Four  Bible  women  are  employed. 

In  hospital  and  dispensary,  over  5,000  cases  are  treated 
annually. 

Chefoo,  one  of  the  most  healthful  and  attractive 
CHEFOO  spots  in  all  China,  is  an  important  commercial  city, 
fifty  miles  southeast  of  Tengchou,  and  the  chief 
foreign  port  of  Shantung  Province.®  It  was  occupied  as  a 

(5)  Chefoo  was  the  pK)rt  of  refuge  during  the  summer  of  1900  for  all  the  missionaries  from  the 
interior  of  Shantung.  Mr.  Cornwell  was  sent  with  a steamer  by  the  United  States  Consul- 
General  to  meet  them  at  Yang  chia  ko,  and  by  great  tact  and  energy  succeeded  in  getting  them 
all  out  in  safety, 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


51 


sanitarium  by  Dr.  McCartee  in  1862,  and  in  1865  as  a mission 
station  by  Rev.  H.  J.  Corbett.  This  station  gives  the  Gospel 
to  a region  160  miles  in  length  and  50  in  breadth,  having  a 
population  of  3,500,000.  There  are  fifteen  churches,  eight  of 
them  self-supporting,  and  the  communicants  number  over 
1,800.  The  country  work  is  superintended  by  Rev.  Dr.  Cor- 
bett, who  makes  long  journeys  in  the  interior,  assisted  by 
thirty-five  Chinese  evangelists.  Over  80,000  hear  the  Gospel 
every  year  at  the  street  chapel  and  museum.  Sunday  schools 
and  women’s  meetings  give  access  to  many  homes.  Land 
has  recently  been  secured  for  new  mission  residences  and  a 
building  for  the  flourishing  kindergarten. 

A Preachers’  Training  School  has  been  conducted  for  many 
years  largely  on  the  peripatetic  plan  by  Dr.  Corbett.  The 
thirty-five  students  give  much  help  in  the  street  chapel. 

The  Academy  and  Boys’  Normal  School  have  provided 
many  students  for  the  college  and  teachers  for  schools. 
There  are  sixty-two  students.  A new'  building  is  in  prospect. 
A 'self-supporting  Anglo-Chinese  School,  opened  in  1898, 
averages  about  100  students.  Several  of  the  young  men  have 
gone  abroad  to  complete  their  studies.  For  the  erection  of 
a recitation  hall,  the  Chinese  matched  an  offer  of  an  equal 
sum  from  America  with  $2,000.  This  building  is  named  the 
“Cornwell  Memorial.”  A life-long  worker  in  this  school  was 
the  late  Miss  C.  B.  Downing,  who  came  to  China  in  a sailing 
vessel  in  1866,  and  returned  home  but  once  during  her  forty- 
five  years  of  service. 

The  station  superintends  twenty-six  day  schools,  of  which 
five  are  in  Chefoo.  Mrs.  Nevius,  at  her  own  expense,  erected 
a building  for  one  of  them,  with  rooms  for  the  teachers  and 
family,  as  well  as  for  an  industrial  class  for  women.  The 
teacher  of  this  school  w'as  a waif  of  the  great  famine  of  1877, 
bought  for  a few  pence  by  Mrs.  Nevius  to  save  her  life. 

The  School  for  Deaf  Mutes,  conducted  by  Mrs.  C.  R.  Mills 
for  thirteen  years  as  a private  enterprise,  was  the  first  attempt 
in  China  to  care  for  this  unfortunate  class.  The  Chinese  gov- 
ernment was  much  impressed  by  an  exhibit  of  methods  and 
results  in  several  cities  in  1908-9,  and  is  establishing  schools 
of  similar  character.  Mrs.  Mills  has  raised  an  endowment 


52 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


for  the  school,  and  it  has  been  taken  over  by  the  Presbyterian 
Board.  There  are  twenty  pupils. 

A prosperous  industrial  school,  carried  on  by  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
James  MacMullan,  became  afifiliated  with  our  work  in  1902. 

The  medical  work  largely  awaits  the  completion  of  an  ex- 
tensive new  hospital.  Four  thousand  patients  were  treated 
in  the  dispensary.  A fearful  outbreak  of  pneumonic  plague 
in  1911  caused  about  2,000  deaths  in  Chefoo.  Not  one  Chris- 
tian was  attacked,  which  made  a profound  impression  in  the 
city.  Dr.  Hills  acted  as  port  physician  while  the  hospital  and 
dispensaries  had  to  be  closed. 

The  missionaries  at  Chefoo  have  opportunities  for  Chris- 
tian ministry  to  many  English,  American  and  other  sailors. 

The  station  was  much  crippled  in  1909  by  the  death  from 
cholera  of  one  of  its  most  versatile  and  indefatigable  mem- 
bers, Rev.  George  Cornwell,  and  his  wife. 

Chefoo  was  the  home  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  John  L.  Nevius  dur- 
ing most  of  their  long  and  fruitful  ministry  in  China.  Mrs. 
Nevius  wrote  and  translated  many  books  into  Chinese,  and 
during  the  last  years  of  her  life  gave  most  of  her  time  to 
literary  work.  She  looked  upon  China  as  her  adopted  coun- 
try, and  during  the  fifty-seven  years  of  her  missionary  life  her 
devotion  to  the  Chinese  women  was  unfailing. 

This  city,  the  headquarters  of  Germany  in  the 
TSINGTAU  Far  East,  has  become  one  of  the  best  built  and 
most  attractive  cities  in  this  part  of  Asia.  Well- 
paved  streets,  electric  lights,  modern  public  and  private 
buildings,  extensive  docks,  an  improved  harbor,  a spacious 
park,  beautiful  drives,  reforested  hillsides,  formidable  fortifica- 
tions and  a numerous  garrison,  attest  Germany’s  pride  in  this 
strategic  location.  The  white  population  is,  of  course,  pre- 
dominantly German,  but  in  numbers  it  is  small  compared  with 
the  large  and  rapidly  increasing  Chinese  population.  The 
native  town  is  the  model  Chinese  city  of  the  empire  in  its 
straight,  clean  streets,  well-built  shops  and  houses,  and  ex- 
cellent sanitation.  Our  station  compound  is  admirably  situ- 
ated on  high  ground  between  the  native  and  foreign  sections. 
The  German  officials  are  extremely  courteous,  and  manifest 
a desire  to  further  our  work. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


53 


This  region  was  long  an  important  part  of  onr  Chefoo  field, 
and  large  numbers  of  our  native  Christians  are  seeking  em- 
ployment in  Tsingtau,  which  will  soon  be  the  chief  city  of 
Shantung.  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Paul  D.  Bergen  were  sent  in  1898 
to  care  for  these  Christians,  and  remained  until  1903. 

A church  organized  in  1902  has  twice  enlarged  its  building, 
which  is  still  too  small  for  its  membership.  The  Chinese  have 
given  money  to  build  a cburcb  at  an  out-station,  Tapaofu.  A 
railroad  traversing  the  district  makes  it  easy  to  visit  the  out- 
stations.  The  friendliest  relations  are  maintained  wdth  the 
Weimar  Mission. 

A Young  Men’s  Christian  Association  has  been  organized 
and  is  doing  a large  work  for  young  men.  It  will  probably 
use  the  present  church  building,  while  the  church  seeks  a new 
site  near  the  mission  compound,  hoping  to  start  a Christian 
community. 

Women’s  classes  are  a marked  feature  of  the  w'ork  in  city 
and  country,  where  a wide  itineration  is  conducted.  The 
station  employs  twenty-five  evangelists  and  twenty  Bible 
women,  and  has  ten  organized  churches,  with  more  than 

I, 000  members.  .A.  large  part  of  tbeir  support  is  contributed 
by  the  natives.  Several  churches  have  been  built. 

The  station  maintains  fifty  village  schools,  nearly  all  sup- 
ported by  the  native  church.  There  is  an  intermediate  school 
for  girls  and  one  for  boys.  New  buildings  for  the  boys’  high 
school  are  to  be  erected  by  a gift  from  Mrs.  O’Neill.  A Bible 
School  for  Women  has  graduated  its  first  class. 

Tsinanfu,  the  capital  of  Shantung  Province,  is 
TSINANFU  situated  on  the  Hwang  Ho,  three  hundred  miles 
south  of  Peking,  and  about  the  same  distance 
west  of  Tengchow.  It  is  now’  connected  wdth  Weihsien  and 
Tsingtau  by  the  German  Raihvay;  wuth  Tientsin  by  the  Tien- 
tsin-Nanking  Railway,  wdiich  w’ill  soo^n  link  it  also  w’ith  Tsin- 
ingchou  and  Yihsien,  also  wdth  the  Kiangan  Mission.  Rev. 

J.  S.  Mcllvain,  with  a native  helper,  visited  the  city  in  1871. 

Chapel  preaching  was  begun,  tw'o  boys’  schools  w’ere  opened, 
and  various'  other  agencies  employed.  After  lab®ring  alone 
for  some  time,  Mr.  Mcllvain  w'as  joined,  in  1875,  Cros- 

sette  and  his  wdfe.  Mr.  Crossette  was  compelled  by  ill-health 


54 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


to  leave  the  mission  in  1879,  Mr.  Mcllvain  died  in  1881. 
He  had  just  secured,  with  great  difficulty,  a permanent 
location  for  a chapel  in  the  city.  Other  laborers  were  sent 
to  take  up  the  work,  but  the  great  hostility  shown  by  the 
people  for  several  years  made  it  impossible  to  buy  land  for 
building  residences.  During  the  favorable  reaction  caused 
by  gratitude  for  the  famine  relief  in  1891,  an  imperial  edict 
was  issued,  declaring  that  the  work  of  the  missionaries  was 
good  and  they  must  be  protected.  This  enabled  them  to 
buy  a desirable  property  outside  the  walls,  away  from  the 
malaria  and  heat  of  the  city.  A hospital,  the  “Mcllvain 
Memorial,’’  was  opened  in  1892,  under  the  care  of  Dr.  J.  B. 
Neal,  who  there  trained  several  classes  of  medical  students. 
A woman’s  hospital  was  opened  in  1899. 

The  anti-foreign  disturbances  began  sooner  in  this  region 
than  elsewhere.  Country  work  was  stopped  through  the 
whole  of  1900,  and  the  Christians  sufifered  severely.  All  the 
missionaries  were  ordered  away  by  the  Consul  at  the  out- 
break of  hostilities.  Dr.  Mary  Burnham  made  herself 
useful  in  the  English  Naval  Hospital  at  Wei-Hai-Wei.  Dr. 
Lewis  acted  as  surgeon  on  the  United  States  warship  York- 
town,  and  afterward  with  the  American  Army  at  Peking. 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  xNeal  helped  in  the  work  at  Tengchow  until 
it  was  safe  for  them  to  return.  The  buildings  were 
not  demolished,  but  the  furniture  and  property  were 
destroyed. 

A new  city  gate  has  recently  been  opened  only  600  feet 
from  our  compound,  thus  giving  access  to  a large  population. 
Twenty  years  ago  a man  was  put  to  death  for  selling  property 
to  the  mission;  now  the  governor  has  opened  this  gate  and 
three  others  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Hamilton. 

The  converts  in  the  country  towns  have  been  gathered 
again,  and  the  five  churches  show  renewed  life  and  a member- 
ship of  over  700. 

The  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  of  the  city  formed  a Union 
Church  four  years  ago.  Now  the  East  Suburb  Presbyterian 
Church,  organized  twenty  years  since,  has  joined  with  them, 
uniting  in  one  body  all  the  Protestant  Christians,  to  the  num- 
ber of  160.  By  the  constitution,  the  form  and  time  of  bap- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


55 


tism  are  left  optional.  This  church  supports  its  pastor  and 
maintains  work  at  five  centres.  Station  classes  for  women 
are  largely  attended.  Much  evangelistic  service  is  freely  con- 
tributed by  the  Christians  in  city  and  country. 

Gratifying  results  have  followed  the  use  of  the  new  uniform 
course  of  study  in  the  schools  of  the  mission.  There  are 
twenty-one  elementary  schools,  all  well  attended.  An  Insti- 
tute for  Country  Teachers  is  held.  The  Clara  Linton  Hamil- 
ton Memorial  Academy  for  Boys  has  fifty-three  students. 

The  Medical  College  of  the  Shantung  Christian  University 
is  located  here,  and  its  fine  buildings  are  now  completed. 
Two  classes  of  ten  men  each  have  entered,  one  of  which  has 
already  been  taught  for  three  years  by  various  physicians. 

The  Mcllvaine  Hospital  for  Men  (1892)  and  the  Louise  Y. 
Boyd  Hospital  for  Women  (1899)  are  now  carried  on  together, 
with  separate  dispensaries. 

Wei  Hsien  is  an  important  city  in  the  interior, 
WEI  HSIEN  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  Tengchou, 
and  has  one  hundred  thousand  inhabitants.  It 
is  now  connected  with  Tsingtau  and  Tsinanfu  by  the  German 
Railway,  and  was  opened  to  international  residence  and  trade 
in  1904.  It  was  occupied  as  a mission  station  in  1883,  by 
Rev.  R.  M.  Mateer,  Rev.  J.  H.  Laughlin,  and  their  wives, 
and  Dr.  H.  R.  Smith.  Years  of  faithful  labor  were  spent 
in  evangelizing  the  surrounding  region.  Out-stations  were 
established  at  124  points,  with  over  3,000  eommunicants,  and 
7,5  day  schools.  In  the  city  were  flourishing  boarding  schools 
and  a fine  hospital  and  dispensary,  erected  as  a memorial  to 
the  late  Mrs.  R.  M.  Mateer. 

The  work  in  Wei  Hsien  had  never  been  more  flourishing 
and  promising  than  in  the  early  part  of  1900.  During  June, 
afifairs  became  so  threatening  that  word  was  sent  up  for  the 
missionaries  to  leave  at  once.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Fitch,  Mrs. 
Paris  and  their  families  and  Dr.  Edna  Parks  left  June  23d. 
Miss  Hawes  was  itinerating  in  the  country,  and  Miss  Bough- 
ton  and  Mr.  F.  H.  Chalfant  waited  until  she  returned,  June 
25th.  While  they  were  packing  in  the  afternoon,  a mob  at- 
tacked the  compound.  Mr.  Chalfant  succeeded  in  keeping 
them  out  for  three  hours,  but  they  broke  in  at  last,  and  set 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


56 

fire  to  the  chapel.  Mr.  Chalfant  and  the  ladies  succeeded  in 
escaping-  unseen  over  the  -wall,  and  fled  to  Fangtze,  a station 
of  German  engineers  and  miners,  reaching  there  at  midnight. 
The  Germans  received  them  kindly,  and  escorted  them  to 
Tsingtau,  a march  of  one  hundred  miles,  full  of  danger  and 
discomfort.  The  mission  property,  including  church,  hospital, 
dispensary,  schools  and  six  dwelling  houses,  was  completely 
destroyed. 

The  mission  force  was  scattered  for  a time,  but  returned 
as  soon  as  the  danger  was  past.  New  buildings  have  replaced 
those  destroyed,  giving  larger  and  better  facilities  for  work. 
The  territory  of  the  station  cove’^s  an  area  as  large  as  the 
State  of  Connecticut.  There  are  twenty-seven  organized 
churches  and  a large  unorganized  work  aggregating  170  out- 
stations.  with  over  5.000  communicants.  There  are  eight 
Chinese  pastors,  and  about  fifty  evangelists  and  Bible  women 
are  at  work.  Classes  for  women  are  held  in  the  country. 
A Women’s  Bible  Institute  trains  many  for  future  service. 

The  Arts  College  of  the  Shantung  Christian  University, 
formerly  the  Tengchow  College,  has  300  students  from  the 
Presbyterian,  Baptist  and  Anglican  Churches.  This  college 
has  a remarkable  record — during  its  whole  existence  of  more 
than  forty  years,  every  graduate  has  been  a Christian,  and 
thev  are  found  in  positions  of  influence  all  over  North  China. 
A strong  Y.  M.  C.  A.  trains  for  Christian  activity,  and  more 
than  one  hundred  of  the  students  are  candidates  for  the  min- 
istry, largely  through  the  influence  of  Pastor  Ding  Li  Mei. 
This  remarkable  man,  trained  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Mateer,  is  a 
mighty  spiritual  force  in  China.  He  preaches  the  Gospel  with 
such  power  and  illustrates  it  by  a life  of  such  devotion,  that 
the  effect  upon  the  Chinese  is  profound.  He  has  led  more 
than  700  young  men  in  the  colleges  to  consecrate  their  lives 
to  Christian  service. 

The  Point  Breeze  Academy  for  Boys  is  always  filled  to  its 
limited  capacity.  The  contemplated  removal  of  the  college 
to  Tsinanfu  will  give  the  school  enlarged  quarters. 

The  Girls’  High  School  can  accommodate  about  sixty 
pupils.  The  girls  generally  marry  before  long,  but  now  they 
are  pledged  to  teach  for  two  years  after  graduating.  Of  the 
eighty  graduates,  forty-one  are  teaching  in  our  schools. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


57 


There  are  nine  village  boarding  schools  for  girls,  and  fifty- 
six  village  schools  (mostly  day)  for  boys,  all  partly,  some 
wholly,  supported  by  the  Chinese. 

The  Men’s  Hospital  and  Dispensary  has  a record  of  about 
6,000  patients,  the  Women’s  Hospital  and  Dispensary  about 
4,000.  I'he  epidemic  of  pneumonic  plague  in  19  ii  added 
heavilv  to  the  labors  and  responsibilities  of  the  physicians. 
The  Governor  of  Shantung  sent  200  taels  to  the  Hospital  in 
acknowledgment  of  Dr.  Roys’  services  at  the  government 
quarantine  station. 

Ichowfii,  150  miles  southwest  from  Chefoo,  was 
ICHOWFU  occunied  in  1890  by  Rev.  W.  P.  Chalfant,  Rev.  C. 

A.  Killie,  and  Dr.  C.  F.  Johnson.  Property  was 
secured  without  difficulty,  and  little  hostility  shown.  The 
jilace  had  been  for  years  an  out-station  of  Chefoo,  so  that  a 
inucleus  for  work  was  already  formed.  In  1893  a mob  of 
robbers  attacked  the  mission  premises,  but  the  local  authori- 
ties promptly  put  down  the  rioters  and  promised  effectual 
protection.  The  Japanese  War  was  a period  of  great  anxiety 
and  danger  in  Ichowfu.  Evangelistic  work  was  suspended, 
and  most  of  the  schools  closed,  until  peace  was  declared  in 
June,  1895. 

This  region  is  a center  of  anti-foreign  prejudice  and  the 
country  work  was  much  hindered  by  turbulence  and  dis- 
order for  tw'o  years  before  the  Boxer  outbreak.  Mr.  Chal- 
fant, Mr.  Paris  and  Mr.  Killie  were  kept  prisoners  for  four 
days  w'hile  itinerating  in  1899,  and  were  only  delivered  by 
the  magistrate  of  tlie  district  with  a guard  of  twenty  soldiers. 
The  missionaries  escaped  without  difficulty  in  1900.  Their 
houses  were  looted  by  soldiers  in  their  absence,  but  no 
buildings  were  destroyed.  All  the  work  was  soon  resumed 
and  the  schools  reopened.  The  country  work  is  most  prom- 
ising in  the  Ishwei  Mountains.  Country  churches  and  unor- 
ganized work  have  466  members.  The  city  church  was 
greatly  stirred  by  meetings  led  by  Pastor  Ding  Li  Mei  in  1909, 
over  2,000  inquirers  being  enrolled,  of  whom  66  have  been 
received,  making  the  city  membership  212.  IManv  women 
have  unbound  their  feet. 


58 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


The  Boys’  Academy  has  thirty-two  pupils.  The  Primary 
School  is  in  two  departments,  wdth  about  sixty  boys. 

The  Girls’  School,  in  two  sections,  will  soon  enter  its  new 
buildings.  A Young  Married  Women’s  School  enrolled 
twelve.  In  the  country,  eleven  primary  schools  for  girls  have 
eighty-six  pupils.  A kdndergarten  is  doing  good  work. 

At  present  one  physician  has  charge  of  the  hospitals  and 
dispensaries  for  men  and  women,  treating  nearly  15,000 
patients. 

Tsiningchou,  lying  on  the  Grand  Canal,  150 
TSININGCHOU  miles  from  Tsinanfu,  is  within  reach  of 
5,000,000  people,  among  whom  no  other 
Protestant  Church  is  working.  Rev.  William  Lane  and  Dr. 
S.  A.  Hunter  were  sent  here  in  1890,  but  were  driven  out 
almost  immediately  by  mob  violence,  barely  escaping  with 
their  lives.  After  a year’s  delay,  satisfaction  was  secured 
from  the  government,  with  full  promise  of  protection  for  the 
future.  Rev.  J.  PI.  Laughlin  and  Rev.  Mr.  Lane,  with  their 
wives  and  Miss  Emma  Anderson,  were  kindly  received  in 
1892,  and  further  reinforcements  were  sent  the  next  year. 

The  Christians  in  this  region  suffered  comparatively  little 
in  the  disturbances  of  1900,  and  the  mission  property  was 
unhurt.  The  country  work  was  stopped  for  some  time,  but 
has  since  been  resumed,  with  great  tokens  of  blessing.  The 
past  year.  700  persons  applied  for  church  membership,  of 
whom  168  were  received.  The  most  encouraging  work  is 
over  the  provincial  border  in  Kiangsu.  The  Tsining  city 
church  is  filled  to  overflowing.  A street  chapel  has  been 
opened  on  a busy  thoroughfare.  The  Women’s  Bible  Insti- 
tute trained  twenty-two  women  for  two  months. 

There  are  sixteen  country  schools  for  boys,  with  170  pupils. 

The  Boys’  Academy  has  twenty-five  students,  nineteen  of 
them  Christians.  Most  of  the  graduates  go  on  to  college. 

Kenarden  Academy,  the  only  girls’  school  in  a large  region, 
is  to  have  a new  building  in  enlarged  grounds. 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  country  schools  for  girls,  a primary 
department  is  necessary.  Many  of  the  girls  come  from  very 
poor  homes,  some  of  them  w'alking  from  twenty  to  fifty  miles. 

A Normal  Institute  trains  teachers  for  the  primary  schools. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


59 


The  Hunter  Memorial  Hospital  and  Dispensary  for  Men 
and  the  Bachman  Hospital  and  Dispensary  for  Women,  are 
under  one  management,  though  with  separate  buildings. 
New  surgical  wards  are  to  be  erected. 

In  1905,  at  the  desire  of  the  East  Liberty  Church 
YIHSIEN  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  this  station,  sixty-five  miles 
southwest  of  Ichowfu,  beautifully  sitated  on  the 
line,  of  the  projected  Tientsin-Nanking  Railway,  and  the 
Centre  of  a large  unworked  district,  was  chosen  as  the  site  for 
a new  station,  to  be  entirely  supported  by  that  church.  Land 
was  secured,  and  in  1906,  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Wallace  S.  Paris, 
Rev.  and  Mrs.  G.  H.  Yerkes,  Rev.  and  Mrs.  William  C.  Isett, 
Dr.  William  R.  Cunningham,  and  Miss  Margaret  Paris,  for- 
mally opened  the  new  station.  Some  country  work,  thirty 
miles  to  the  north,  was  transferred  from  Tsiningchou.  An 
unusually  favorable  reception  was  given  by  the  Chinese.  Four 
day  schools  were  soon  opened,  and  medical  work  developed, 
over  8,000  patients  being  treated  in  the  first  few  months.  In 
1907,  Mr.  Paris,  through  exertions  and  hardships  in  famine 
relief,  laid  down  his  life.  Enforced  furloughs  further  reduced 
the  station  force.  Failure  of  funds  expected  for  equipment 
has  retarded  the  work,  but  it  has  been  vigorously  prosecuted, 
in  spite  of  the  great  distress  caused  by  famine,  sickness  and 
destructive  floods. 

Eight  primary  schools  are  maintained,  and  a high  school 
is  needed.  Many  children  come  from  Mohammedan  homes. 

In  the  dispensary,  over  10,000  patients  are  reported.  Many 
cases  of  accidents  come  from  the  coal  mines. 

Classes  for  women  are  well  attended  in  city  and  country. 

The  support  of  the  station  has  been  transferred  to  the  First 
Church  of  Buffalo. 

This  University  was  founded  in  1904  by 
SHANTUNG  CHRIS-  the  Presbyterian  Board  and  the  English, 
TIAN  UNIVERSITY  Baptist  Missionary  Society.  Other  mis- 
sions are  entering  the  union,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  ultimately  all  the  missions  in  the  province  may  be 
included.  The  three  colleges  of  the  university  are  now 
located  in  three  different  centres:  the  College  of  Arts  and 
Science  at  Weihsien,  the  U^nion  Medical  College  at  Tsinanfu, 


6o 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


and  the  Gotch-Robinson  Theological  College  at  Tsing-chou- 
fu.  Tt  has  been  decided  by  the  governing  boards  to  concen- 
trate all  the  work  as  soon  as  practicable  at  the  provincial 
Capital,  Tsinanfu.  This  will  release  the  buildings  now  occu- 
pied in  the  other  cities  for  other  necessary  mission  enterprises, 
and  form  an  adequate  centre  of  Christian  education  in  Shan- 
tung. The  college  at  Weihsien  has  a high  reputation  for 
efficiency,  and  enrolls  over  300  students.  Twenty  w'ere 
graduated  in  1911. 

The  Theological  College  at  Tsing-chou-fu  includes  three 
departments — a Theological  School,  a Normal  School  and  a 
Bible  Institute.  I'he  Rev.  J.  Percy  Bruce,  M.  A.,  of  the 
English  Baptist  Mission,  is  President;  and  Rev.  W.  M.  Hayes 
and  Rev.  W.  P.  Chalfant  are  professors,  assisted  by  seven 
Chinese  teachers.  There  are  165  students  in  all  departments. 

The  China  Emergency  Committee  has  made  a grant  of 
$7,500,  which  will  be  used  for  a new  building.  ■ 

The  Union  Medical  College  at  Tsinanfu,  of  which  Dr.  James 
B.  Neal  is  the  President,  has  now  four  foreign  professors,  two 
foreign  teachers,  and  three  Chinese  teachers.  Land  was  se- 
cured in  1908  in  the  south  suburb,  and  the  fine  buildings,  with 
lecture  rooms,  laboratories  and  a well  equipped  hospital,  all 
provided  by  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society  of  London  from 
the  Arthington  Eund,  have  been  in  use  since  March,  1910, 
the  formal  opening  taking  place  in  April,  1911,  when  the  Gov- 
ernor and  all  the  high  officials  were  present.  The  Governor 
made  a gift  of  1,000  taels  in  acknowledgment  of  services  ren- 
dered during  the  prevalence  of  the  plague.  This  was  used  to 
build  a dormitory  for  the  new  students. 

The  new  hospital  and  dispensary  w'ere  opened  in  September, 
1910,  and  receive  large  numbers  of  patients. 

NORTH  CHINA  MISSION. 

Peking,  the  imperial  capital,  lying  in  the  latitude 
PEKING  of  Philadelphia,  covers  an  area  of  twenty-seven 
square  miles,  and  has  a population  of  about  one 
million.  It  consists  of  four  cities — the  Chinese  city  on  the 
south,  the  Tartar  city  on  the  north,  enclosed  in  this  the  Im- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


6i 


perial  city,  and  within  this  again  is  the  Forbidden  City,  i.  e., 
the  Imperial  Palace.  Each  of  the  four  is  surrounded  by  a 
high  wall,  that  about  the  Tartar  city  being  fifty  feet  high  and 
sixty  feet  thick.  A moat  surrounds  the  whole,  and  another 
surrounds  the  Forbidden  City.  The  outer  wall  is  pierced  by 
thirteen  gates. 

As  Peking  is  the  educational  and  political  centre  of  China, 
it  affords  access  to  men  from  every  part  of  the  empire.  Rev. 
W.  A.  P.  Martin  and  his  wife  began  work  here  in  1863.  In 
1869,  Dr.  Martin  v/as  chosen  President  of  the  Tung-wen  Col- 
lege, and  resigned  his  connection  with  the  Board.  His  place 
was  taken  by  Rev.  J.  L.  Whiting  and  Rev.  Daniel  McCoy. 

By  the  unwearying  labor  of  these  and  succeeding  workers 
for  more  than  thirty  years,  two  self-supporting  churches  were 
built  up,  with  more  than  five  hundred  members.  Each  of 
these  had  an  able  Chinese  pastor,  with  Sunday  schools. 
Societies  of  Christian  Endeavor,  and  other  organizations  for 
Christian  training.  Much  evangelistic  work  was  done  in  the 
street  chapels  and  the  surrounding  country. 

A boarding  school  for  boys,  “Truth  Hall,”  as  its  Chinese 
name  signifies,  was  founded  by  Dr.  Martin.  It  has  been  in 
reality  a fountain  of  truth  to  the  boys  of  Peking  for  a whole 
generation.  The  girls’  boarding  school,  under  Miss  Grace 
Newton’s  care  since  1887,  was  becoming  more  useful  and 
popular  every  year. 

The  medical  work  did  much  to  win  friends  for  Christianity. 
Begun  by  Dr.  Atterbury  about  1880,  it  owed  much  to  his 
devotion  and  generosity.  The  medical  work  for  women,  car- 
ried on  by  Dr.  Sinclair,  1888-1895,  was  then  assumed  by  Dr. 
Eliza  Leonard. 

The  excitement  and  terror  caused  by  the  usurpation  of  the 
Empress  Dowager  and  the  reports  of  Boxer  outrages  in  Shan- 
tung, greatly  interfered  with  evangelistic  work  in  the  early 
days  of  1900.  The  wildest  rum.ors  prevailed,  but  the  church 
and  school  work  went  on  as  usual  until  the  end  of  May,  when 
it  was  thought  most  prudent  to  send  the  scholars  to  their 
homes. 

The  alarm  became  so  general  June  7th  and  8th  that  all 
the  American  missionaries  were  summoned  to  gather  in  the 


62 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Methodist  Compound,  close  to  the  Legations.  For  a few 
days,  at  great  risk,  the  men  went  back  and  forth,  holding 
service  on  Sunday  in  the  Drum  Tower  Church,  and  visiting 
the  Christians  on  Monday,  Tuesday  and  Wednesday.  Mean- 
while, the  Methodist  Church  was  provisioned  and  strongly 
fortified,  and  with  a small  guard  of  American  marines,  fur- 
nished by  the  United  States  Minister,  it  was  hoped  that  it 
could  be  held  till  relief  should  come.  The  carnage  and 
anarchy  in  the  city  were  beyond  description.  June  13th  and 
14th,  all  the  foreign  dwellings,  churches  and  chapels  in  the 
city  were  burned.  Straggling  refugees  came  in,  bringing 
harrowing  tales  of  suffering  and  murder.  On  the  19th,  the 
government  sent  the  news  of  the  attack  on  the  Taku  forts, 
with  the  demand  that  the  legations  should  leave  within 
tw'enty-four  hours.  The  missionaries  were  unwilling  to  leave 
their  converts,  and  put  no  faith  in  the  promised  protection 
of  the  government.  While  they  were  gathered  in  prayer, 
the  w'ord  came  that  the  German  Minister  had  been  murdered, 
and  all  must  flee  to  the  British  Legation.  This  compound 
covers  about  seven  acres,  with  a number  of  buildings  and  a 
large  supply  of  good  well  water.  The  seventy  American  mis- 
sionaries w'ere  lodged  in  the  chapel;  the  Chinese  converts, 
w’ith  other  refugees,  in  the  deserted  palace  of  Prince  Su. 

“These  American  missionaries  and  their  converts,’’  says  an  eye- 
witness, “did  us  most  signal  service.  The  organization  of  the  com- 
munity into  committees  of  fortification,  food  supply,  sanitation,  etc., 
was  largely  due  to  Mr.  Tewksbury;  the  arduous  task  of  fortifying  the 
Legation  was  laid  upon  Mr.  Gamewell.  Sick  or  well,  he  was  every- 
where, watching  over  every  part  of  the  work.  The  manual  labor  was 
done  by  missionaries  under  him,  supported  by  gangs  of  Christian 
Chinese.  These  refugees  also  supplied  the  large  body  of  servants 
necessary  for  our  existence,  as  all  the  Legation  servants  deserted  at 
the  outbreak  of  hostilities.” 

There  were  in  the  defended  area,  473  civilians,  350  marines, 
and  nearly  3,000  native  Christians.  The  details  of  the  won- 
derful providences  by  w'hich  they  were  preserved  from  de- 
struction eight  weeks  in  the  face  of  overwhelming  odds  must 
be  read  in  the  many  published  accounts.  With  no  intentional 
preparation,  or  opportunity  therefor,  many  foreign  supplies, 
and  a suflicient  quantity  of  rice,  wheat,  coal,  clothing,  bed- 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


63 


ding  and  cloth  for  sand-bags,  were  found  within  the  compound, 
and  nearly  ninety  horses  and  mules  were  eaten  by  the  be- 
sieged. Three  missionaries  were  slightly  wounded  in  the 
firing:  two  foreign  children,  one  of  them  Dr.  Inglis’  infant 
daughter,  died  of  illness.  Messenger  after  messenger  was 
sent  out  begging  for  aid;  but  two  returned.  The  attacks 
became  more  and  more  ferocious  toward  the  end,  and  the 
means  of  defense  were  nearly  exhausted.  At  last  the  wel- 
come sound  of  foreign  guns  was  heard  at  a distance,  and 
on  August  14th  the  allied  armies  entered  the  gates. 

Much  of  the  city  lay  in  ruins,  destroyed  by  the  mad  fury  of 
the  Boxers.  More  than  half  the  inhabitants  fled,  leaving  their 
possessions  to  the  mercy  of  the  invaders.  The  eight  foreign 
•detachments  encamped  in  different  quarers  of  the  city,  each 
under  its  own  banner.  The  missionaries  and  their  converts 
were  permitted  bv  the  military  authorities  to  find  quarters  in 
the  deserted  houses.  Most  of  the  mission  property  was 
utterly  destroyed,  and  the  very  foundations  torn  out,  except 
on  the  West  Compound,  where  the  burned  walls  of  the  build- 
ings were  left  standing.  Very  few  of  the  church  members 
survived,  except  those  who  had  fled  into  the  Legation.  Sev- 
eral of  the  missionaries,  broken  in  health,  returned  to 
America.  The  others,  through  many  hardships,  cared  for 
the  scattered  remnants  of  the  church,  and,  as  soon  as  possible, 
began  the  work  of  reconstruction.  Instead  of  the  former  two 
compounds,  it  was  decided  to  concentrate  in  one,  near  the 
Anting  Gate,  adding  to  it  more  land.  The  Girls’  Boarding 
.School  was  transferred  to  Paotingfu.  The  two  churches  were 
united  in  one. 

The  indemnity  funds,  with  added  gifts  of  individuals,  have 
erected  and  equipped  a better  station  than  of  old.  The  church 
has  steadily  recovered,  until,  in  1911,  it  numbered  325  mem- 
bers, while  the  reopening  of  the  Drum  Tower  compound  for 
the  establishment  of  the  Union  Theological  College  led  to  the 
organization  of  the  West  Church  in  1909,  with  twenty-four 
members,  now  increased  to  sixty.  Large  Christian  Sunday 
schools  and  heathen  Sunday  schools  are  connected  with  each 
church.  A street  chapel  is  maintained  near  each  compound, 
and  at  one  of  these  is  a flourishing  book  store.  Evening  ser- 


64 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


vices  have  attracted  many  clerks.  Regular  classes  for  in- 
quirers and  new  Christians  are  held.  The  East  Church  main- 
tains a chapel  at  Chingho,  six  miles  north  of  the  city,  near  a 
large  military  school  and  camp. 

Duringthedisturbancesincident  to  theabdication  of  the  Em- 
peror and  the  installation  of  the  newgovernment  early  in  1912, 
there  was  much  disorder  in  Peking  and  the  missionary  families 
were  more  than  once  obliged  to  take  refuge  in  the  Methodist 
compound,  close  to  the  Legations,  guarded  by  American 
marines.  No  buildings  were  destroyed,  but  much  of  their 
personal  property  was  lost  or  stolen  in  their  absence.  Many 
wealthy  Chinese  families  were  reduced  to  hopeless  penury. 

The  country  work,  once  carried  on  in  several  distinct  fields, 
is  now  concentrated  in  one  through  an  equitable  adjustment 
with  the  Methodists,  securing  greater  economy  of  adminis- 
tration. Of  this  field,  Mafong  is  the  centre,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Hicks  residing  there  most  of  the  year  and  superintending 
seven  other  out-stations,  and  a boarding  school  of  sixteen 
boys. 

“Truth  Hall,”  for  boys,  has  fifty  students,  many  of  whom 
are  now  studying  English,  and  several  look  forward  to  the 
ministry.  The  principal  each  summer  leads  a dozen  of  the 
older  boys  in  several  weeks  of  evangelistic  itineration.  Con- 
nected with  it  is  a day  school  of  thirty  pupils. 

There  is  another  day  school  about  the  same  size  at  the  West 
Compound.  At  each  place  there  is  also  a girls’  day  school 
and  a kindergarten.  All  of  these  schools  are  feeders  for  the 
North  China  Educational  Union,  a combination  of  the  Lon- 
don Mission,  the  American  P>oard  and  the  Presbyterian  Mis- 
sion in  the  support  and  administration  of  an  Arts  College  for 
each  sex,  a Medical  College  and  Nurses’  Training  School  for 
each  sex,  and  a Theological  College,  for  which  the  Presbyte- 
rian Mission  furnishes  the  buildings  and  equipment  at  the  old 
Drum  Tower  Compound,  enlarged.  This  college  has  been  in 
operation  since  1905,  and  has  graduated  one  special  class  of 
twelve  and  one  regular  class  of  ten  men.  It  now  has  thirty- 
eight  students.  A Union  Summer  School  for  Colporteurs 
and  Local  Evangelists  is  held.  Representatives  of  the  other 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA.  65 

missions  are  resident  on  the  grounds.  Our  representatives 
at  the  Arts  College  reside  in  Tungchou. 

The  Anting  Hospital  has  had  many  vicissitudes,  through 
successive  retirement  of  several  physicians;  but  is  now  vigor- 
ously at  work  treating  thousands  of  patients  annually.  Its 
dispensary  is  connected  with  the  street  chapel. 

The  Douw  Hospital  for  Women  is  entirely  self-supporting, 
treating  over  9,000  patients  annually.  The  physician  is  called 
to  many  official  families. 

The  Union  Medical  College,  with  100  students,  provided 
many  heroic  plague  fighters  in  the  winter  of  1910-11. 

The.  success  of  the  itinerating  work  in  Chihli 
PAOTINGFU  Province  was  so  marked  that  in  1893  it  was 
decided  to  open  a new  station  at  Paotingfu,  100 
miles  southwest  of  Peking.  Rev.  J.  L.  Whiting,  Rev. 
J.  A.  Miller  and  wife,  and  G.  Yardley  Taylor,  M.  D.,  were 
the  first  occupants.  Rev.  F.  E.  Simcox  and  his  wife  soon 
followed,  and  later  Rev.  J.  W.  Lowrie  and  Mrs.  A.  P.  Low- 
rie.  In  1899,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Cortlandt  Van  Rensselaer  Hodge 
and  Dr.  Maud  Mackey  were  added  to  the  number.  The  usual 
lines  of  w’ork  were  established  one  by  one  and  prosecuted  with 
vigor.  At  the  opening  of  1900,  there  were  two  chapels,  with 
daily  services,  dispensaries  in  the  city  and  suburb,  a system  of 
country  itineration  covering  long  distances,  with  regular  ser- 
vices at  five  out-stations,  a boarding  school  and  day  schools 
for  children  and  inquirers’  classes  for  both  men  and  women. 
There  had  always  been  more  or  less  pronounced  opposition 
in  this  region,  but  the  officials  and  the  better  classes  were 
unusually  friendly,  and  as  the  rage  of  the  Boxers  seemed 
especially  directed  towards  the  Roman  Catholics,  it  was 
hoped  that  the  Protestant  stations  might  escape.  In  April 
and  May  placards  were  posted  threatening  destruction  to  all 
foreigners.  Mr.  Simcox  was  attacked  bv  a mob  at  Wan 
Hsien,  and  his  Chinese  helper  m.altreated. 

The  railroad  was  destroyed  May  27th  and  all  communica- 
tion cut  off.  All  through  the  summer  agonized  friends  hoped 
against  hope;  at  last  it  was  ascertained  beyond  a doubt  that 
the  compound  was  attacked  by  Boxers  June  30th,  and  Dr. 
Taylor,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Simcox,  with  their  three  little  children. 


66 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


and  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Hodge,  added  to  the  roll  o£  those  who  have 
laid  down  their  lives  for  the  testimony  of  Jesus.  The  next 
day,  six  missionaries  of  the  American  Board  met  the  same 
fate. 

The  other  members  ‘of  our  mission  were  providentially 
absent.  In  October,  Mr.  Lowrie  succeeded  in  returning  to 
Paotingfu  as  interpreter  to  General  Lome  Campbell,  and  for 
a year  worked  on  alone,  gathering  together  and  helping  in 
many  ways  the  few  remaining  Chinese  Christians,  securing 
mercy  for  hundreds  from  the  foreign  generals,  surprising  the 
Chinese  by  his  leniency  and  commanding  a respect  and  love 
which  found  its  expression  in  the  voluntary  gift  through  him 
to  the  mission  by  officials  and  people  of  a new  site  for  the 
station  far  more  suitable  than  the  old.  In  the  spring  a me- 
morial service  was  held  for  the  missionaries  and  native  Chris- 
tians who  had  suffered  for  the  name  of  Christ,  at  which  were 
present  the  commanders  of  the  allied  armies  or  their  repre- 
sentatives, all  the  Chinese  officials  of  the  city,  and  many  of 
the  merchants  and  gentry,  besides  fellow-missionaries  from 
Peking  and  Tientsin.  During  the  entire  year  Sunday  services 
were  maintained. 

The  new  compound  contains  ten  acres  'of  rich  land,  on 
which  are  a number  of  trees.  The  church  is  the  most  con- 
spicuous building  and  seats  500.  It  is  well  filled  on  Sunday, 
and  the  street  chapel  is  crowded  daily.  The  men’s  hospital, 
given  by  Dr.  Taylor’s  classmates  at  Princeton,  is  near  the 
church.  The  name,  Taylor  Memorial  Hospital,  is  inscribed 
in  English  over  the  door.  There  is  also  a well-equipped 
women’s  hospital,  known  as  the  Hodge  Memorial  Hospital. 
Five  com.fortable  dwelling  houses,  as  well  as  buildings  for 
schools,  have  been  erected.  The  church  now  has  a member- 
ship of  150.  Classes  for  men  are  held  regularly  for  ten  days 
each  month;  classes  for  w'omen  also  at  regular  intervals. 
Miss  Cowan’s  weekly  meeting  for  ladies  of  official  families 
is  a unique,  wearying,  amusing,  yet  fruitful  effort.  Itinera- 
tion over  a very  wide  field,  one  of  the  most  interesting  parts 
bf  which  is  in  the  mountains  about  Kwangchang,  is  con- 
ducted. The  church  supports  a missionary  of  its  own,  Mr. 
Tien.  Deacon  Tsui  is  widely  extending  his  Personal 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


67 


Workers’  Society  in  China.  The  year  1910  was  made  inter- 
esting and  memorable  by  the  unveiling  of  a tablet  to  Mrs. 
A.  P.  Lowrie  in  the  church,  and  of  the  Martyrs’  Memorial 
Monument  at  the  old  compound. 

The  church  at  Wenchiatun  has  been  obliged  to  enlarge  its 
seating  capacity.  In  Tanghsien,  two  new  centres  have  been 
opened.  Two  missionaries  of  the  Shantung  Home  Mission- 
ary Society  are  doing  a promising  work  in  the  mountains. 
The  region  north  of  Paotingfu  is  worked  by  the  Presbyterian 
Mission,  and  that  to  the  south  by  the  American  P)Oard. 

The  Boys’  Boarding  School  has  been  compelled  to  add  a 
dormitory  for  its  numerous  students.  Several  day  schools 
are  established  in  the  city  and  out-stations. 

The  Union  Memorial  Girls’  School  (Miss  Grace  Newton, 
Principal),  a part  of  the  interdenominational  group,  graduates 
classes  almost  everv  year  into  the  Bridgeman  School,  Peking. 

A need  long  felt  has  been  supplied  by  the  opening  of  a 
Training  School  for  Christian  Women,  attended  by  twenty 
students. 

Both  ho.spitals  are  self-supporting,  and  exceedingly  busy. 
They  have  disp'^nsaries  in  the  city  as  well  as  at  the  hospitals, 
and  some  medical  itineration  is  done.  A class  of  nurses  is 
under  training.  Dr.  Lewis  brought  great  fame  to  hospital 
ancf  mission  by  his  courageous  and  successful  efforts  to  stay 
the  pneumonic  plague  in  1910-11.  The  Chinese  officials  gave 
him  full  charge  of  the  campaign,  with  ample  funds  and 
authority. 

Paotingfu  suffered  greatly  from  the  mutinous  soldiers  in 
the  spring  of  1912.  Foreigners  and  their  property  were  not 
attacked,  but  large  districts  of  the  city  were  pillaged  and 
burned.  All  mission  work  was  suspended  for  some  time. 

For  several  years  it  had  been  felt  that  mission- 
SHUNTEHFU  aries  were  greatly  needed  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  Province  of  Chihli.  In  1898,  Mr.  Whit- 
ing and  Mr.  Lowrie  travelled  through  the  region  and  decided 
that  the  most  desirable  centre  was  Shuntehfu,  170  miles  solith 
of  Paotingfu,  on  the  line  of  the  proposed  raihvay  from  Peking 
to  Hankow.  It  lies  in  the  midst  of  a fertile  and  prosperous 
section,  whose  millions  of  inhabitants  are  almost  untouched 


68 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


by  the  Gospel.  Plans  were  interrupted  by  the  Boxer  out- 
break, but  in  1903  the  station  was  occupied  by  Dr.  J.  L. 
/Whiting  and  Mrs.  Whiting,  Guy  W.  Hamilton,  M.  D.  (for- 
merly of  Siam),  and  Mrs.  Hamilton,  and  Dr.  Louise  H.  Keator, 
The  entire  work  is  supported  by  the  Fifth  Avenue  Church, 
New  York  City,  and  is  equipped  for  all  classes  of  work.  The 
city  church  now  numbers  over  fifty.  Permanent  interest  ex- 
ists at  six  centres  in  the  country.  Three  station  classes  in 
the  year  have  totaled  ninety  men.  Two  for  women  numbered 
fifty-five. 

The  Boys’  Boarding  School  in  its  new  building,  opened 
November,  1910,  continues  to  increase.  The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is 
active  in  evangelistic  effort. 

The  Girls’  School,  though  without  a building,  now  has  a 
boarding  department,  with  twelve  boarders  and  twenty  day 
pupils.  Seven  girls  have  unbound  feet. 

The  Hugh  O’Neill  Memorial  Hospital  has  treated  over 
9,000  patients  the  past  year.  A man  who  had  a cataract  re- 
moved gave  all  the  money  he  carried  to  the  hospital  and 
walked  home,  sixty-seven  miles.  Dr.  Hamilton  has  made 
three  itinerations  and  treated  more  than  1,000  patients. 
Medical  work  for  women  has  been  conducted  in  one  end  of 
the  m.en’s  hospital. 


STATISTICS,  1912. 


Stations  

Missionaries : Men — loi  ordained,  28  medical,  12  other  lay- 
men; Women — 12  medical,  62  single,  116  wives  of 

missionaries  

Chinese  pastors  and  preachers,  371  ; other  helpers,  323 ; total 

Churches  

Communicants  

Schools  

Hospitals  

Dispensaries  

Pages  printed  at  two  Presses 


31 


331 

694 

136 

21,873 

448 

29 

46 

89,017,463 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


69 


AID  FOR  CHINA,  1912. 


Seventy-five  officers,  members  and  furloughed  missionaries 
of  twenty-eight  Foreign  Missions  Boards  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada  having  work  in  China,  met  in  New  York,  Febru- 
ary 29th,  1912,  at  the  call  of  the  Committee  of  Reference  and 
Counsel,  to  consider  the  extraordinary  situation  in  China  and 
the  consequent  duty  of  the  home  Churches.  The  following 
paragraphs  are  taken  from  the  message  addressed  by  this 
Conference  to  the  Missions  in  China  and  to  the  Churches  in 
America : 

The  time,  for  which  we  have  long  worked  and  prayed,  appears  to 
have  come  at  last  in  a measure  and  with  a momentum  beyond  our 
faith,  and  we  rejoice  with  the  Christian  agencies  at  work  in  China, 
with  the  11,661  leaders  of  the  Chinese  Christian  Church,  with  its 
278,628  members,  and  with  the  4,299  missionaries  from  Western 
lands,  in  the  unique  opportunity  which  they  possess  of  meeting  an 
inquiring  people  with  the  light  and  life  which  they  are  seeking,  and 
of  offering  to  them  and  to  their  rulers  the  knowledge  of  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,  the  one  true  Leader  and  King  of  men. 

We  rejoice  in  the  measure  of  unity  already  attained  by  the  Christian 
forces  in  China  and  in  their  ability  in  this  hour,  without  waste  or 
discord,  to  present  to  the  Chinese  people  the  one  faith  which  we  all 
hold  and  the  one  Lord  whom  we  all  follow.  We  rejoice  that  so 
many  of  the  men  who  have  wrought  for  China  in  this  time  of 
national  need  have  been  Christian  men,  who  have  borne  their  great 
responsibilities  with  Christian  fidelity  and  sought  to  serve  their  coun- 
try with  Christian  unselfishness.  With  a Christian  Church  united 
in  its  missibn  and  with  Christian  men  serving  the  State  in  patriotic 
and  religious  devotion,  we  believe  that  the  prayers  of  many  hearts 
will  be  answered  that,  on  the  one  hand,  a pure  and  unconfused  Gospel 
may  be  preached  to  the  nation,  and  that  on  the  other  hand  the  Chris- 
tian spirit,  unmixed  with  secular  misunderstanding  or  personal  ambi- 
tion, may  control  the  minds  of  the  men  who  are  to  bear  rule  and 
authority  in  the  new  daj^ 

In  the  effort  to  which  the  Christian  forces  of  the  nation  will 
now  give  themselves  with  a new  zeal,  to  carry  the  Gospel  far  and 
wide  over  China  and  deep  into  the  life  of  the  people,  we  desire  to 
assure  them  of  the  sympathy  and  support  of  the  Church  in  the 
West,  and  we  now  make  appeal  to  the  Home  Church  to  meet  the 
emergency  with  unceasing  prayer  and  unwithholding  consecration. 

The  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  at  its  meet- 
ing, May  13th,  1912,  approved  the  resolutions  adopted  by 


70 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


the  Biennial  Assembly  of  the  Philadelphia  Women’s  Board 
at  Baltimore,  April  25th,  undertaking  to  raise  $100,000  for 
the  enlargement  of  its  work  in  China.  The  Board  also  voted 
that,  in  view  of  the  extraordinary  emergency  now  confronting 
the  Church  in  China,  an  efifqrt  be  made  to  re-enforce  the 
China  missions  within  the  next  three  years  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  one  hundred  new  missionaries,  not  including  wives, 
and  the  securing  of  special  gifts  which  will  cover  the  cost  of 
their  maintenance,  including  the  new  property  and  the  en- 
largement of  the  work  which  this  re-enforcement  will  involve. 

This  action  was  presented  to  the  General  Assembly  at  its 
meeting  in  Louisville,  May,  1912,  and  heartily  endorsed  by  it. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Board  after  the  General  As- 
sembly, June  3d,  the  Board  considered  the  detailed  questions 
which  this  policy  involves,  and  the  following  action  was 
unanimously  taken : 

“In  pursuance  of  the  statement  on  missionary  policy  in  China, 
adopted  by  the  Board  May  1,3th,  and  approved  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly, the  Executive  Council  was  authorized  to  organize  and  conduct, 
with  the  co-operation  of  the  Women’s  Boards  and  such  furloughed 
missionaries  from  China  as  the  Executive  Council  may  designate,  a 
China  Propaganda  in  order  to  secure  the  funds  for  the  new  mission- 
aries, new  property,  and  enlargement  of  the  work  which  this  reinforce- 
ment will  involve.  The  estimated  cost  is  approximately  $735,630  for 
the  period  of  three  years,  including  eighty  residences  for  the  new 
missionaries  and  other  imperative  expenses.” 

“So  ,great  an  opportunity  as  God  now  offers  in  China  is  a sovereign 
summons.  It  demands  of  us  the  enlargement  of  our  horizons,  the 
expansion  of  our  faith,  the  acceptance  of  our  duty,  and  the  eager  and 
joyful  exercise  of  our  fellowship  with  Christ  in  ministering  to  the 
need  of  an  awakened  nation,  and  in  hastening  the  coming  of  His 
worldwide  kingdom  by  an  unprecedented  advancement.  May  the 
Church  in  China  and  in  the  West  be  found  equal  to  this  opportunity.” 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


71 


STATIONS  AND  MISSIONARIES,  1912. 

CENTRAL  CHINA  MISSION. 

Ningpo  (1845):  On  the  Ningpo  River,  12  miles  from  the  sea; 
too  miles  south  of  Shanghai.  Rev.  Harrison  K.  Wright  and  Mrs. 
Wright,  Rev.  E.  F.  Knickerbocker  and  Mrs.  Knickerbocker,  Miss  Edith 

C.  Dickie,  Miss  Margaret  B.  Duncan,  Miss  Esther  M.  Gauss. 

Shanghai  (1850);  On  the  Woosong  River,  14  miles  from  the 
sea.  Rev.  J.  M.  W.  Farnham,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Farnham,  Rev.  J.  A. 
Silsby  and  Mrs.  Silsby,  Rev.  G.  F.  Fitch,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Fitch,  Mr. 
Gilbert  McIntosh  and  Mrs.  McIntosh,  Mr.  C.  W.  Douglass  and  Mrs. 
Douglass,  Rev.  John  M.  Espey  and  Mrs.  Espey,  Rev.  C.  M.  Myers  and 
Mrs.  Myers,  Miss  M.  D.  Morton,  Miss  Mary  Posey,  Miss  Mary  Cogdal, 
Miss  Emma  Silver,  Rev.  George  E.  Partch,  and  Rev.  Sidney  McKee. 

Hangchow  (1859)  : The  capital  of  Chekiang  Province,  at  the 
southern  terminus  of  Grand  Canal,  too  miles  northwest  of  Shanghai. 
Rev.  J.  H.  Judson  and  Mrs.  Judson,  Rev.  E.  L.  Mattox  and  Mrs. 
Mattox,  Rev.  F.  W.  Bible  and  Mrs.  Bible,  Miss  J.  Ricketts,  Miss  Lois 

D.  Lyon,  Mr.  Arthur  W.  March  and  Mrs.  March,  Rev.  Robert  F.  Fitch 
and  Mrs.  Fitch. 

SoocHOW  (1871)  : 70  miles  west  of  Shanghai.  Rev.  J.  N.  Hayes, 
D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Hayes,  Rev.  O.  C.  Crawford  and  Mrs.  Crawford, 
Rev.  Frank  H.  Throop  and  Mrs.  Throop,  Miss  Mary  Lattimore,  Eliza- 
beth Esther  Anderson,  M.  D.,  Agnes  M.  Carothers,  M.  D.,  Miss  Edna 
C.  Alger. 

Yu  YtA.o  (igogl  ; Rev.  J.  E.  Shoemaker  and  Mrs.  Shoemaker, 
Miss  Lavina  M.  Rollestone. 

KIANG-AN  MISSION. 

Nanking  (1876):  On  the  Yang-tse-Kiang,  90  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Rev.  Charles  Leaman,  Rev.  W.  J.  Drummond  and  Mrs. 
Drummond,  Rev.  J.  C.  Garritt,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Garritt,  Rev.  J.  E. 
Williams  and  Mrs.  Williams,  Miss  E.  E.  Dresser,  Miss  M.  A.  Leaman, 
Miss  Lucy  Leaman,  Miss  Jane  A.  Hyde,  Miss  Grace  Lucas,  Rev.  Alfred 
V.  Gray  and  Mrs.  Gray,  Mrs.  A.  M.  R.  Jones,  Rev.  A.  A.  Bullock  and 
Mrs.  Bullock. 

Hwat-yuen  (1892)  : 150  miles  northwest  of  Nanking.  Rev.  E.  C. 
Lobenstine,  Rev.  D.  S.  Morris  and  Mrs.  Morris,  Rev.  J.  B.  Cochran 
and  Mrs.  Cochran,  Samuel  Cochran,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Cochran,  Rev. 
Thomas  F.  Carter  and  Mrs.  Carter,  Miss  Agnes  Gordon  Murdoch, 
M.  D.,  Miss  Mary  Cole  Murdoch,  Miss  Margaret  Falconer  Murdoch, 
Rev.  George  Hood. 

THE  SOUTH  CHINA  MISSION. 

Canton  ("1845)  : Canital  of  Kwangtung  Province  on  the  Choo- 
kiane  River,  aboiu  70  miles  from  the  China  Sea — a port  city.  Rev. 
H.  V.  Noyes,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Noyes,  Rev.  A.  A.  Fulton,  D.  D..  and 
Mrs.  Fulton,  Rev.  J.  J.  Boggs  and  Mrs.  Boggs,  M.  D.,  Rev  W.  D. 


72 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Noyes  and  Mrs.  Noyes,  E.  C.  Machle,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Machle,  Mrs. 
J.  G.  Kerr,  Miss  H.  M.  Noyes,  Miss  E.  M.  Butler,  Miss  M.  W.  Niles, 

M.  D.,  Miss  M.  H.  Fulton,  M.  I).,  Miss  H.  Lewis,  Miss  E.  A.  Churchill, 
Aliss  L.  Durham,  Miss  L.  R.  Patton,  Miss  Mary  T.  Bankes,  Rev.  James 

M.  Henry  and  Mrs.  Henry. 

Lien-chou  (1890)  ; 125  miles  northwest  of  Canton.  Rev.  Reese 
F.  Edwards  and  Mrs.  Edwards,  Rev.  J.  S.  Kunkle,  Robert  Ross,  M.  D., 
and  Mrs.  Ross,  Miss  Elda  G.  Patterson,  Miss  Hannah  Kunkle,  Miss 

N.  M.  Latimer,  M.  D.,  Rev.  G.  W.  Marshall  and  Mrs.  Marshall. 

Yeung  Kong  liSSb):  About  112  miles  southwest  of  Canton. 
Rev.  C.  E.  Patton,  M.  A.,  and  Mrs.  Patton,  William  H.  Dobson,  M.  D., 
and  Mrs.  Dobson,  Miss  V.  M.  Wilcox,  Rev.  J.  W.  Creighton  and  Mrs. 
Creighton,  Rev.  George  D.  I'homson  and  Mrs.  Thomson,  Miss  Mar- 
garet G.  Bliss. 

Shek  Lung;  Rev.  A.  J.  Fisher  and  Mrs.  Fisher,  Harry  N.  Boyd, 
M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Boyd,  Rev.  Paul  J.  Allured  and  Mrs.  Allured. 

HAINAN  MISSION. 

Kiungchow  (including  Hoihow)  (1885)  ; Three  miles  from  north 
coast  of  island.  H.  M.  McCandliss,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  McCandliss,  Miss 
Henrietta  Montgomery,  Rev.  C.  H Newton  and  Mrs.  Newton,  Rev. 
W.  M.  Campbell  and  Mrs.  Campbell,  Miss  Alice  H.  Skinner,  Rev. 
George  D.  Byers,  Rev.  F.  P.  Gilman  and  Mrs.  Gilman. 

Nodo.v  (1891)  : 60  miles  southwest  of  Kiungchow.  Mrs.  M.  R. 
Melrose,  Rev.  William  J.  Leverett,  Rev.  P.  W.  McClintock  and  Mrs. 
McClintock,  Herman  Bryan,  M.  D. 

Kachek  (1902)  ; 60  miles  south  of  Kiungchow.  Miss  Kate  L. 
Schaeffer,  S.  L.  Lasell,  M.  D.,  Rev.  David  S.  Tappan,  Jr.,  Rev.  J.  F. 
Kelly,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Kelly. 

HUNAN  MISSION. 

SiANGTAN  (1900)  ; On  the  Hsiang  River,  25  miles  south  of 
Chang-shafu,  the  capital  of  the  Province.  Rev.  W.  H.  Lingle  and  Mrs. 
Lingle,  E.  D.  Vanderburgh,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Vanderburgh,  F.  J.  Tooker, 
M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Tooker,  Miss  Emma  T.  Kolfrat,  Miss  EfiFe  Murray, 
Rev.  Asher  R.  Kepler  and  Mrs.  Kepler,  Miss  Catharine  T.  Woods, 
Mr.  C.  P.  Althaus  and  Mrs.  Althaus. 

Hengchow  (1902);  On  the  Hsiang  River,  75  miles  south  of 
Siangtan.  Rev.  George  L.  Gelwicks  and  Mrs.  Gelwicks,  Rev.  D.  E. 
Crabb  and  Mrs.  Crabb,  W.  Robertson,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Robertson, 
Rev.  Samuel  C.  McKee  and  Mrs.  McKee. 

Chf.nchow  (1904):  On  branch  of  the  Hsiang  River,  175  miles 
southeast  of  Siangtan.  Stephen  C.  Lewis,  M.  D.,  Rev.  T.  W.  Mitchell 
and  Mrs.  Mitchell.  Rev.  C.  H.  Derr  and  Mrs.  Derr,  W.  L.  Berst,  M.  D., 
and  Mrs.  Berst,  Rev.  W.  T.  Locke,  Miss  Annie  Morton. 

Changteh  (1898)  ; About  I2i  miles  northwest  of  Siangtan.  Rev. 
T.  J.  Preston  and  Mrs.  Preston,  Rev.  Gilbert  Lovell  and  Mrs.  Lovell, 

O.  T.  Logan,  M.  D..  and  Mrs.  Logan,  Miss  Minta  L.  Ellington,  Rev. 
W.  C.  Chapman  and  Mrs.  Chapman. 

Taoyuen  : As  an  out-station  about  120  miles  northwest  of  Siang- 
tan. Rev..  G.  F.  Jenkins  and  Mrs.  Jenkins. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


73 


NORTH  CHINA  MISSION. 

Peking  (1863);  The  capital  of  China,  100  miles  northwest  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Peiho.  Rev.  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  Rev. 
John  Wherry,  D.  D.,  Mrs.  J.  L.  Whiting,  Rev.  C.  H.  Fenn,  D.  D., 
and  Mrs.  Fenn,  Miss  Janet  McKillican,  Miss  Eliza  E.  Leonard,  M.  D., 
Miss  B.  C.  McCoy,  Rev.  W.  W.  Hicks  and  Mrs.  Hicks,  Rev.  William 
H.  Gleysteen  and  Mrs.  Gleysteen,  Rev.  E.  L.  Johnson  and  Mrs.  John- 
son, Dr.  E.  J.  Hall  and  Mrs.  Hall,  Dr.  E.  E.  Dilley  and  Mrs.  Dilley, 
Rev.  C.  H.  Corbett  and  Mrs.  Corbett,  Rev.  Charles  L.  Ogilvie  and 
Mrs.  Ogilvie. 

Paoting-fu  (1893)  : 100  miles  southwest  of  Peking.  Rev.  C.  A. 
Killie  and  Mrs.  Killie,  Rev.  A.  M.  Cunningham  and  Mrs.  Cunningham, 
Rev.  W.  A.  Mather  and  Mrs.  Mather,  Dr.  C.  E.  Lewis  and  Mrs.  Lewis, 
Miss  G.  Newton,  Miss  A.  H.  Gowans,  Miss  Maud  A.  Mackey,  M.  D., 
Rev.  Albert  K.  Whallon,  Miss  Edith  Gumbrell. 

Shunteh-fu  (1903);  250  miles  southwest  of  Peking.  Rev.  J.  A. 
Miller  and  Mrs.  Miller,  Dr.  Guy  W.  Hamilton  and  Mrs.  Hamilton, 
Rev.  Edwin  C.  Hawley  and  Mrs.  Hawley,  Miss  Marjorie  M.  Judson, 
Miss  Elizabeth  T.  Lewis,  M.  D. 


SHANTUNG  MISSION. 

Teng-chou  (1861)  ; On  the  most  northern  point  of  the  Shang- 
tung  promontory,  60  miles  south  of  Port  Arthur,  and  35  miles  north- 
west of  Chefoo.  Dr.  W.  b'.  Seymour  and  Mrs.  Seymour,  Rev.  J.  P. 
Irwin  and  Mrs.  Irwin,  Miss  M.  A.  Snodgrass,  Mrs.  Calvin  Wight,  Miss 
M.  A.  Frame,  Rev.  Otto  Braskamp,  Miss  Christina  Braskamp,  Miss 
M.  J.  Stewart,  Miss  Alma  Dodds. 

Chefoo  (1862)  : An  important  port  of  call  for  North  China 
steamers,  on  northern  coast  of  Shantung  Peninsula.  Rev.  Hunter 
Corbett.  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Corbett,  Rev.  W.  O.  Elterich,  D.  D.,  and 
Mrs.  Elterich,  Mrs.  Annetta  T.  Mills,  Mr.  W.  C.  Booth  and  Mrs.  Booth. 
Dr.  Oscar  F.  Hills  and  Mrs..  Hills,  Mr.  M.  Wells  and  Mrs.  Wells, 
Mr.  H.  F.  Smith,  Rev.  Paul  R.  Abbott  and  Mrs.  Abbott,  Miss  S.  F. 
Fames. 

Tsing-tau  (i8q8)  : The  important  German  port  and  terminus  of 
the  new  railroad  to  the  Provincial  Capital,  on  Kiao-cheu  Bay,  about 
TOO  miles  southwest  of  Chefoo.  Miss  L.  Vaughan,  Rev.  C.  E.  Scott 
and  Mrs.  Scott,  Dr.  Effie  B.  Cooper,  Rev.  T.  H.  Montgomery  and  Mrs. 
Montgomery,  Mr.  Kenneth  K.  Thompson  and  Mrs.  Thompson. 

Wei-hsif.n  (1882)  : no  miles  northeast  of  Tsinan-fu.  Rev.  R. 
M.  Mateer  and  Mrs.  Mateer,  Rev.  F.  H.  Chalfant  and  Mrs.  Chalfant, 
Rev.  J.  A.  Fitch  and  Mrs.  Fitch,  Prof.  Ralph  Wells  and  Mrs.  Wells, 
Mrs.  C.  W.  Mateer,  Rev.  Paul  T.  Bergen,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Bergen, 
Rev.  H.  W.  Luce  and  Mrs.  Luce,  C.  K.  Roys,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Roys, 
Miss  Charlotte  E.  Hawes,  Mr.  Horace  E.  Chandler  and  Mrs.  Chandler, 
Rev.  I.  J.  Heeren.  Ph.D..  Mr.  S.  J.  Mills.  Miss  G.  M.  Rowley. 

Tsinan-fu  (1872)  : Capital  of  the  Shantung  Province;  300  miles 
south  of  Peking,  on  Ta  Tsin  River.  Rev.  John  Murrav,  James  B. 
Neal,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Neal.  Miss  Emma  S.  Boehne,  Rev.  W.  W. 
Johnston  and  Mrs.  Johnston,  Dr.  W.  M.  .Schultz,  C.  F.  Johnson,  M.  D., 


74 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


and  Mrs.  Johnson,  Rev.  A.  B,  Dodd  and  Mrs.  Dodd,  Dr.  Caroline  S. 
Merwin,  Mr.  A.  E.  Torrance  and  Mrs.  Torrance. 

IcHou-FU  (i8ot)  ; 145  miles  southeast  of  Tsinan-fu.  Miss  E.  E. 
Fleming,' M.  D.,  Rev.  George  A.  Armstrong,  Rev.  Paul  P.  Paris  and 
Mrs.  Paris,  Rev.  H.  G.  Romig  and  Mrs.  Romig,  Miss  Margaret  Paris, 
Miss  Sarah  Paris,  Robert  W.  Dunlap,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Dunlap. 

Tsining-chou  (1892)  ; 95  miles  southwest  of  Tsinan-fu.  Charles 
Lyon,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Lyon,  Rev.  T.  N.  Thompson  and  Mrs.  Thomp- 
son, Rev.  C.  M.  Eames,  Rev.  P.  E.  Pield. 

Yi-hsien  (1905)  : 20  miles  from  the  Grand  Canal,  about  140  miles 
southeast  of  Tsinan-fu.  Rev.  C.  PI.  Yerkes  and  Mrs.  Yerkes,  W.  R. 
Cunningham,  M.  D.,  Miss  A.  K.  M.  Pranz,  Rev.  Ray  M.  Allison  and 
Mrs.  Allison. 

Rev.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  W.  M.  Playes,  and  Rev.  and  Mrs.  W.  P.  Chal- 
fant,  are  stationed  at  Tsing-chou-fu,  Professors  in  the  Union  The- 
ological Seminary. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


75 


MISSIONARIES  IN  CHINA,  1838-1912. 


* Died  while  connected  with  the  Mission  f Went  out  under  the  Cumberland  Board. 

Figures,  term  of  service  in  the  field.  ^ 


*Abbey,  Rev.  Robt.  E.,  1882-1890 
Abbey,  Mrs.  (Mrs.  A. 

M.  Whiting,  1873)  1882-1906 

Abbott,  Rev.  Paul  R.  1910- 
Abbott,  Mrs.  1910- 

Alger,  Miss  E.  C.  1910- 
Allen,  H.  N.,  M.D.  1883-1884 
Allen,  Mrs.  1883-1884 

Allison,  Rev.  R.  W.  1911- 
Allison,  Mrs.  1911- 

Allured,  Rev.  P.  J.  1911- 
Allured,  Mrs.  1911- 

Althaus,  Mr.  C.  P.  1911- 
Althaus,  Mrs.  1911- 

Anderson,  Miss  S.  J., 

M.  D.  1877-1880 

Anderson,  Miss  E.  1887-1894 
Anderson,  Miss  E.  E., 

M.  D.  1907- 

Armstrong,  Rev.  G.  A.  1902- 
Atterbury,  B.  C.,  M.D.  1879-1898 
Atterbury,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Mary  Lowrie,  1883)  1890-1898 
Ayer,  Mary  A.,  M.D.  1897-1901 
Barr,  Miss  M.  E.  1877-1883 
Bailie,  Rev.  Joseph  1891-1898 
Bailie,  Mrs.  Effie  Wor- 


ley, M.D. 


1890-1898 


Bible,  Rev.  F.  W.  1904- 
Bible,  Mrs.  1904- 

Bliss,  S.  C.,  M.D.  1873-1874 
Bliss,  Miss  M.  S.  1911- 

Boehne,  Miss  E.  S.  1903- 
Boggs,  Rev.  J.  J.  1894- 
Boggs,  Mrs.  (Ruth  C. 

Bliss,  M.D.,  1892)  1895- 

Booth,  William  C.  1903- 
Booth,  Mrs.  1903- 

Boughton,  Miss  E.  F.  1889-1903 
Boyd,  H.  W.,  M.D. 

1899-1903,  1907- 
Boyd,  Mrs.  1899-1903,  1907- 
Braskamp,  Rev.  Otto  1911- 
Braskamp,  Miss  C.  1911- 
Brown,  Rev.  Hugh  A.  1845-1848 
*Brown,  Mary,  M.D.  1889-1900 
Bruce,  Rev.  George  G.  1903-1904 
Bruce,  Mrs.  1903-1904 

Bryan,  Herman,  M.D.  1902- 
Bullock,  Rev.  A.  A.  1909- 
Bullock,  Mrs.  1909- 

Burgess,  Miss  N.  B.  1911- 
Burnham,Mary  L.,M.D.  1897-1904 
*Butler,  Rev.  John  1868-1885 
Butler,  Mrs.  (Miss  F. 

E.  Harshburger,’75)  1877-1892 


Baird,  Miss  Margaret 

1883-1888 

Butler,  Miss  E.  M. 

1881- 

Bankes,  Miss  M.  T. 

1909- 

*Byers,  Rev.  John 

1852-1853 

Beattie,  Rev.  Andrew 

1889-1909 

Byers,  Mrs. 

1852-1853 

Beattie,  Mrs. 

1891-1909 

Byers,  Rev.  G.  D. 

1906- 

Beattie,  Dr.  D.  A. 

1892-1895 

Bynon,  Margaret 

H., 

Beattie,  Mrs. 

1892-1895 

M.D. 

1903-1912 

tBeckley,  Miss  M. 

1006-1908 

Campbell,  Rev.  W.  M.  1898- 

Bent,  Rev.  R.  H. 

1893-1900 

Campbell,  Mrs. 

1898- 

Bent,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Poin- 

*Capp, Rev.  E.  P. 

1869-1873 

dexter,  M.  D.) 

1894-1900 

*Capp,  Mrs.  (Miss 

M. 

Berry,  Miss  M.  L. 

1882-1885 

J.  Brown,  1867) 

1870-1882 

Bergen,  Rev.  Paul  D. 

1883- 

Carothers,  Agnes 

M. 

Bergen,  Mrs. 

1883- 

M.D. 

1909- 

Berst,  W.  L.,  M.D. 

1907- 

Carper,  Miss  E.R.,M.D.  1907-1910 

*Berst,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Carrow,  F.,  M.D. 

1876-1878 

Venable) 

1905-1908 

Carrow,  Mrs.  F. 

1876-1878 

Berst,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Carter,  Rev.  T.  F. 

1910- 

Newman) 

1909- 

Carter,  Mrs.  ’ 

1910- 

76 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


*Chalfant,  Mrs.  (Miss 
Lulu  Boyd,  i88; 
Chalfant,  Mrs. 

Chalfant,  Rev.  F.  I 
Chalfant,  Mrs. 

Chandler,  Mr.  H.  1 
Chandler,  Mrs. 

Chapin,  Rev.  Oliver 
Chapin,  Mrs. 

Chapin,  Rev.  D.  C. 
Chapman,  W.  C. 
Chapman,  Mrs. 


Cochran,  Mrs. 
Cochran,  Samuel,  1 
Cochran,  Mrs. 
Coltman,  Robt.  J.,  ] 
Coltman,  Mrs. 
Cogdal,  Miss  M.  I 
Cole,  Mr.  Richard 
Cole,  Mrs. 

Condit,  Rev.  Ira  W 
*Condit,  Mrs. 


*Corbett,  Mrs.  H. 
^Corbett,  Mrs. 
Corbett.  Mrs. 
Corbett,  Rev.  C.  E 
Corbett,  Mrs. 
*Cornwell,  Rev.  G. 
*Cornwell,  Mrs. 
^Coulter,  Mr.  Mose' 
Coulter,  Mrs.  C.  E 
Crabb,  Rev.  D.  E. 
Crabb,  Mrs. 
Crawford,  Rev.  O 
Crawford,  Mrs. 
Creighton,  Rev.  J. 
Creighton,  Mrs. 
*Crossette,  Rev.  J. 
Crossette,  Mrs. 


Crozier,  Mrs. 
•'Culbertson,  Rev.  . 
Culbertson,  Mrs. 


1897-1908 

Cunningham,  Mrs. 

1890- 

1885- 

Cunningham,  Wm.  R. 

f 

M.D. 

1904- 

1888-1903 

*Dan  forth, Rev. Joshua  A. 

1859-1863 

1907- 

*Danforth,  Mrs. 

1859-1861 

1887- 

Davies,  Rev.  L.  J. 

1892-1909 

1887- 

Davies,  Mrs. 

1892-1909 

1908- 

Derr,  Rev.  C.  H. 

1904- 

1908- 

Derr,  Mrs. 

1904- 

1882-1886 

Dickey,  Miss  E.  G. 

1873-1875 

1882-1886 

Dickie,  Miss  E.  C. 

1906- 

1906-1912 

Dilley,  F.  E.,  M.D. 

1907- 

1910- 

Dilley,  Mrs. 

1907- 

1912- 

Dobson,  W.  H.,  M.D. 

1897- 

1893-1905 

Dobson,  Mrs. 

1899- 

1901- 

Dodd,  Rev.  Samuel 

1861-1878 

1899- 

Dodd,  Mrs.  (Miss  S.  L. 

1899- 

Green) 

1864-1878 

1899- 

Dodd,  Rev.  Albert  B. 

1903- 

1899- 

Dodd,  Mrs. 

1904- 

1885-1898 

Dodds,  Miss  A.  D, 

1910- 

1885-18^ 

Donaldson,  Henrietta, 

1890- 

M.D. 

1893-1895 

1844-1847 

*Doolittle,  Rev.  J. 

1872-1873 

1844-1847 

Doolittle,  Mrs.  L.  J. 

18^-1867 

1872-1873, 

1894-1903 

1860-1866 

Doolittle,  Leila  L.,M.D. 

1899-1903 

1878-1879 

Douglass,  C.  W. 

189^ 

18^- 

Douglass,  Mrs. 

1898- 

1863- 

Downing,  Miss  C.  B. 

1866-1880 

1864-1873 

Dresser,  Miss  E.  E. 

1894- 

1875-18^ 

Drummond,  Rev.  W.  T. 

1900- 

i88g- 

Drummond,  Mrs.  (Miss 

1908- 

Law) 

1891- 

1908- 

Duncan,  Miss  M.  B. 

1903- 

1892-1909 

Dunlap,  R.  W.,  M.D. 

1909- 

1892-1909 

Dunlap,  Mrs. 

1912- 

i849-i%2 

Durham,  Miss  L. 

1909- 

1849-1854 

Eames,  Rev.  C.  M. 

1907- 

1905- 

Eames,  Miss  S.  F. 

1909- 

1905- 

Eckard,  Rev.  L.  W. 

1869-1874 

1900- 

Eckard,  Mrs. 

1869-1874 

1900- 

Edwards,  Rev.  R.  E. 

1898- 

1907- 

Edwards,  Mrs. 

1898- 

1910- 

Ellington,  Miss  M.  L. 

1910- 

1870-1889 

Elterich,  Rev.  W.  0. 

1889- 

Elterich,  Mrs. 

1889- 

1890-1910 

Espey,  Rev.  J.  M. 

1905- 

1891-1900 

Espey,  Mrs. 

IQ08- 

1891-1900 

Faries,  W.  R.,  M.D, 

1889-1903 

1844-1862 

Faries,  Mrs. 

1890-1903 

1844-1862 

*Faris,  Rev.  W.  S. 

1896-1907 

1890- 

Faris,  Mrs. 

1896-1907 

THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA.  77 


Paris,  Rev.  Paul 

1905- 

Paris,  Mrs. 

1905- 

Paris,  Miss  Margaret 

190S- 

Paris,  Miss  Sarah 

1911- 

Farnham,  Rev.  J.  M.W. 

1860- 

Farnham,  Mrs. 

1860- 

Farnham,  Miss  L.  D. 

1882-1885 

Fenn,  Rev.  C.  H.,  D.D. 

1893- 

Fenn,  Mrs. 

1893- 

Field,  Rev.  F.  E. 

1904- 

Pisher,  Rev.  E.  P. 

1895-1897 

Fisher,  Rev.  A.  T. 

1902- 

Fisher,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Elliott,  1900) 

1003- 

Fitch,  Rev.  G.  F. 

1870- 

Fitch,  Mrs.  Mary 

1870- 

Fitch,  Rev.  J.  A. 

1889- 

Fitch,  Mrs. 

1889- 

Fitch,  Rev.  Robt.  F. 

1898- 

F'itch,  Mrs. 

1898- 

Fleming,  Emma  E., 

M.D. 

1898- 

Folsom,  Rev.  Arthur 

1863-1868 

Folsom.  Mrs. 

1863-1868 

Fouts,  Fred.,  M.D. 

1905-1912 

Fouts,  Mrs. 

190S-1912 

Frame,  Miss  M.  A. 

1912- 

Franz,  Miss  A.  K.  M. 

1902- 

^French,  Rev.  John  B. 

1846-1858 

French,  Mrs.  Mary  L. 

18^1-1858 

Fulton,  Rev.  A.  A. 

1881- 

Fulton,  Mrs. 

1884- 

Fulton,  Mary  H.,  M.D. 

1884- 

Gamble,  Mr.  William 

1858-1869 

Garritt,  Rev.  J.  C. 

18^- 

Garritt,  Mrs. 

1892- 

Gauss,  Miss  E.  M. 

1911- 

*Gayley,  Rev.  S.  R. 

1858-1862 

Gayley,  Mrs. 

1858-1862 

Gelwicks,  Rev.  G.  L. 

1900- 

Gelwicks,  Mrs. 

1900- 

Gill,  Rev.  C.  0. 

1895-1897 

Gill,  Mrs. 

1805-1897 

Gilman,  Rev.  F.  P. 

1885- 

*Gilman,  Mrs. 

1885-1899 

Gilman,  Mrs.  (Mrs. 

White,  1881-1891) 

1903- 

Gleysteen,  Rev.  W.  H. 

1904- 

Gleysteen,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Alice  Carter) 

1903- 

Gowans,  Miss  A.  H. 

1901- 

Gray,  Rev.  A.  V. 

1907- 

Grav,  Mrs. 

1907- 

*Green,  Rev.  David  D. 

1859-1872 

Green,  Mrs.  1859-1872 

Griggs,  J.  F.,  M.D.  1902-1906 

Griggs,  Mrs.  1002-1006 

Groves,  Rev.  S.  B.  1891-1895 

Groves,  Mrs.  1891-1895 

Gumbrell,  Miss  E.  E.  1911- 
Guy,  Rev.  T.  R.  1902-1905 

Hall,  Erancis  J.,  M.D.  1906- 

Hall,  Mrs.  (Miss  Hoff- 
man, 1902)  1906- 

Hallock,  Rev.  H.  C.  G.  1806-1905 
*Hamilton,  Rev.  W.  B.  1888-1912 
*Hamilton,  Mrs.  1888-1889 

Hamilton,  Mrs.  (Miss 
Woods)  1893- 

Hamilton,  Guy  W.,M.D.  1903- 
Hamilton,  Mrs.  1903- 

*Happer,  Rev.  A.  P.  1844-1894 
*Happer,  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth B.  1847-1865 

*Happer,  Mrs.  18^-1873 

Happer,  Mrs.  (Miss  H. 

J.  Bhaw,  1870)  1876-1894 

Happer,  Miss  Lucy  1869-1871 
*Happer,  Miss  Lily  1871-1880 
Happer,  Miss  Mary  M.  1879-1884 
Happer,  Miss  Alverda  1880-1888 
Hawes,  Miss  C.  E. 


1896-1900, 

1904- 

Hawley,  Rev.  E.  C. 

1904- 

Hawley,  Mrs. 

1Q04- 

Hayes,  Rev.  John  N. 

1882- 

Hayes,  Mrs. 

1882- 

Hayes,  Rev.  Watson  M. 

1882- 

Hayes,  Mrs. 

1882- 

Hays,  Rev.  George  S. 

1886-1895 

Hays,  Mrs.  F.  C. 

1886-1895 

Heeren,  Rev.  J.  J. 

1910- 

Heeren,  Mrs. 

1012- 

*Henry,  Rev.  B.  C. 

1873-1001 

*Henry,  Mrs. 

1873-1898 

Henry,  Miss  J.  N. 

1896-1900 

Henry,  Rev.  J.  Me. 

1909- 

Henry,  Mrs. 

1009- 

Hepburn,  Jas.  C.,  M.D. 

1841-1846 

Hepburn,  Mrs. 

1841-1846 

Herriott,  Rev.  C.  D. 

1903-1912 

Herriott,  Mrs. 

1906-1912 

Hicks,  Rev.  W.  W. 

1902- 

*Hicks,  Mrs. 

1902-1907 

Hicks,  Mrs. 

1908- 

Hicks,  Miss  E.  A. 

1003-1909 

Hill,  Miss  M.  J.,  M.D. 

1895-1899 

Hills,  Oscar  F.,  M.D. 

1907- 

78 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Hills,  Mrs. 

1907- 

Hood,  Rev.  G.  C. 

1911- 

*Hodge,  Cortland  V.  R., 

M.D. 

1898-1900 

*Hodge,  Mrs. 

1898-1900 

Holt,  Rev.  W.  S. 

1873-1885 

Holt,  Mrs. 

1873-1885 

Houston,  Miss  B. 

1878-1879 

Houston,  Rev.  T.  W. 

1891-1899 

Houston,  Mrs. 

1891-1899 

Howe,  Miss  A.  L. 

1896-1898 

Hunter,  Rev.  S.  A.,  M.D. 

1879-1892 

Hunter,  Mrs. 

1879-1892 

Hyde,  Miss  Jane  A. 

1905- 

Inglis,  John  M.,  M.D. 

1898-1904 

Inglis,  Mrs. 

1898-1904 

*Inslee,  Rev.  Elias  B. 

1857-1861 

*Inslee,  Mrs. 

1857-1861 

Irwin,  Rev.  J.  P. 

1893- 

Irwin,  Mrs. 

1893- 

Isett,  Rev.  W.  C. 

1906-1907, 

1910-1911 

Isett,  Airs.  1906-1907, 

1910-1911 

Jackson,  Rev.  F.  W. 

1892-1895 

t Jenkins,  Rev.  G.  F. 

1903- 

tjenkins,  Mrs. 

1003- 

Jeremiassen,  C.  C. 

1885-1897 

Jeremiassen,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Suter)  1891-1897, 

1901-1904 

Johnston,  Miss  Louise 

1889-1903 

Johnson,  C.  F.,  M.D. 

1889- 

Johnson,  Mrs. 

1889- 

Johnson,  Rev.  E.  L. 

1906- 

Johnson,  Mrs. 

1906- 

Johnston,  Rev.  W.  W. 

igo7- 

Johnston,  Mrs. 

1908- 

Jones,  Miss  Margaret 

1901-1905 

*Jones,  Rev.  J.  R. 

1905-1907 

Jones,  Mrs. 

1905- 

Judson,  Rev.  J.  H. 

1880- 

Judson,  Airs. 

1880- 

Judson,  Miss  AI.  AL 

1910- 

Keator,  Louise  H.,M.D 

. 1903-1907 

Kelly,  Rev.  J.  C. 

1896-1898 

Kelly,  Airs. 

1896-1898 

Kelly,  Rev.  J.  F.,  ALD. 

1903- 

Kelly,  Mrs. 

1903- 

Kelsev,  Aliss  A.  D.  H., 

A'l.D. 

1878-1884 

Kennedy,  Rev.  E.  B. 

1894-1898 

Kepler,  Rev.  A.  R. 

1901- 

Kepler,  Airs. 

1903- 

*Kerr,  J.  G.,  AI.D. 

1853-1901 

*Kerr,  Mrs.  1854-1855 

*Kerr,  Mrs.  1858-1885 

Kerr,  Mrs.  (Miss  M.  E. 

Noyes,  1873)  1886- 

Killie,  Rev.  C.  A.  1889- 
Killie,  Mrs.  1889- 

Knickerbocker,  Rev.E.F.  1909- 
Knickerbocker,  Mrs.  1909- 
Kolfrat,  Miss  M.  E.  1902- 
Kunkle,  Rev.  J.  S.  1905- 
Kunkle,  Miss  H.  1910- 

Langdon,  Rev.  Wm.  1888-1891 
*Lane,  Rev.  William  1889-1896 
Lane,  Mrs.  1889-1896 

I.ane,  Miss  Emma  E.  1889-1894 
*Larsen,  Anna  M.,  M.D.  1892-1897 
Lasell,  Sidney  L.,  M.D.  i89y- 
Latimer,  Miss  N.  M., 

M.D.  1911- 

Lattimore,  Miss  Mary  1888- 
Laughlin,  Rev.  J.  H.  1881-1903 
*Laughlin,  Mrs.  1881-1884 

*Laughlin,  Mrs.  (Miss 
Jennie  Anderson, 

1878)  1886-1899 

Leaman,  Rev.  Charles  1874- 
*Leaman,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Crouch,  1873)  1878-1910 

Leaman,  Miss  M.  A.  1901- 
Leaman,  Miss  Lucy  1909- 
Leonard,  Eliza  E.,  M.D.  1895- 
Leverett,  Rev.  W.  J.  1893- 
Lewis,  Miss  Harriett  1883- 

Lewis,  Charles,  M.D.  1896- 

*Lewis,  Mrs.  1896-1897 

Lewis,  Mrs.  1901- 

Lewis,  S.  C.,  M.D.  1901- 

Lewis,  Miss  E.  F.,M.D.  1906- 

*Leyenberger,  Rev.  J.  A.  1866-1895 
Leyenberger,  Mrs.  1866-1895 

*Lindholm,  Miss  E.  A.  1895-1910 
Lingle,  Rev.  W.  H.  i8go- 
*Lingle,  Mrs.  1890-1893 

Lingle,  Mrs.  (Mrs. 

Ritchie,  1889)  1896- 

*Lloyd,  Rev.  John  1844-1848 

Lobenstine,  Rev.  E.  C.  1898- 
*Lobenstine,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Hoffmani  1902-1908 

Lobenstine,  Miss  Rose  1902-1909 
Locke,  Rev.  Wm.  T.  I903" 
*Locke,  Mrs.  1903-1910 

Loomis,  Rev.  A.  W.  1844-1850 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


79 


Loomis,  Mrs.  1844-1850 

+Logan,  O.  T.,  M.D.  1897- 

fLogan,  Mrs.  i^97- 

Lovell,  Rev.  Gilbert  1904- 

Lovell,  Mrs.  1904- 

*Lowrie,  Rev.  Walter  M.  1842-1847 

*Lowrie,  Rev.  Reuben  1854-1860 

*Lowrie,  Mrs.  Amelia  P. 

1854-1860,  1883-1907 
L.owrie,  Rev.  T.  Walter  1883- 
Lucas,  Miss  G.  M.  1906- 
Luce,  Rev.  H.  W.  1897- 
Luce,  Mrs.  1897- 

*Lynch,  Miss  G.  D.  1906-1907 
Lyon,  Rev.  D.  N. 

i86g-i88i,  1886-1895 
Lyon,  Mrs.  1860-1881,  1886-1895 
Lyon,  C.  H.,  M.D.  1900- 
Lyon,  Mrs.  (Miss  Van 
Schoick)  1902- 

Lyon,  Miss  Lois  D.  1903- 
*McBryde,  Rev.  T.  L.  1840-1843 
McBryde,  Mrs.  1840-1843 

McCandliss,  H.M.,  M.D.  1885- 
McCandliss,  Mrs.  1888- 

McCartee,  Rev.  D.  B., 

M.D.  1844-1873 

McCartee,  Mrs.  Juana  1852-1873 
*McChesney,  Rev.  W.  E.  1869-1872 
McChesney,  Mrs.  1869-1872 

McClintock,  Rev.  P.  W.  1892- 
McClintock,  Mrs.  1892- 

McCoy,  Rev.  D.  1869-1891 

McCoy,  Mrs.  1869-1891 

McCoy,  Miss  Bessie  1896- 
Mclntosh,  Mr.  Gilbert  1891- 
McTntosh,  Mrs.  1891- 

^Mcllvaine,  Rev.  J.  S.  1868-1881 
*McKee,  Rev.  W.  J.  1878-1894 
McKee,  Mrs.  (Miss  A. 

P.  Ketchum)  1876-1894 

McKee,  Rev.  Samuel  C.  1910- 
McKee,  Mrs.  1910- 

McKee,  Rev.  Sidney  1910- 
McKillican,  Miss  Janet  1888- 
Mackey,  Maud  A.,  M.D.  1899- 
Machle,  E.  C.,  M.D.  18^- 
*Machle,  Mrs.  1889-1905 

Machle,  Mrs.  1911- 

Maggi,  Miss  M.  B.  1908-1910 
March,  A.  W.  1906- 

March,  Mrs.  1909- 

Marcellus,  Rev.  A.  1869-1870 


Marcellus,  Mrs.  1869-1870 

Marshall,  Rev.  G.  W.  1895- 
Marshall,  Mrs.  1899- 

Martin,  Rev.  W.  A.  P.  1850- 

Martin,  Mrs.  1850-1869 

*Mateer,  Rev.  C.  W.  1864-1908 

*Mateer,  Mrs.  1864-1898 

Mateer,  Mrs.  1900- 

Mateer,  Mr.  J.  L.  1872-1875 

Mateer,  Rev.  R.  M.  1881- 

*Mateer,  Mrs.  1881-1888 

Mateer,  Mrs.  (Miss 
Dickson,  M.D.)  1889- 

Mateer,  Mrs.  S.  A.  1881-1886 
Mateer,  Miss  Lillian  E.  1881-1882 
Mather,  Rev.  W.  A.  1902- 
Mather,  Mrs.  1904- 

Matthewson,  J.  M.,  M.D.  1883-1887 
Mattox,  Rev.  E.  L.  1893- 
Mattox,  Mrs.  1893- 

*Melrose,  Rev.  J.  C.  1890-1897 
Melrose,  Mrs.  1890- 

Merwin,  Caroline,  M.D.  1905- 
Metzler,  Rev.  Carl  P.  1902-1904 
i\Tiller,  Rev.  J.  A.  1^3- 
Miller,  Mrs.  1893- 

Miller,  Miss  R.  Y.  1893-1900 
*Mills,  Rev.  C.  R.-  1857-1895 

*Mills,  Mrs.  1857-1874 

Mills,  Mrs.  1884- 

Mills,  Rev.  Frank  V.  1882-1890 

Mills,  Mrs.  1882-1890 

Mills,  Samuel  J.  1911- 

*Mitchell,  Rev.  John  A.  1838-1838 
Mitchell,  Rev.  T.  W.  1902- 
Mitchell,  Mrs.  (Miss 
McAfee)  1903- 

Montgomery,  Miss  Etta  1894- 
Montgomery,  Rev.  T.H.  1909- 
Montgomery,  Mrs.  1909- 
Moomau,  Miss  Nettie  1899-1907 
Moore,  Miss  Mary  C.  1903-1906 
Morris,  Rev.  Dubois  S.  1898- 
Morris,  Mrs.  1910- 

*Morrison,  Rev.  Wm.  T.  1860-1869 
Morrison,  Mrs.  M.  E.  1860-1876 
Morton,  Miss  A.  R.  1890- 
Morton,  Miss  M.  D.  1903- 
Murdock,  Miss  l\Tarv  1908- 
Murdock,  Miss  M.  F.  1908- 
Murdock,  Agnes,  M.D.  1008- 
Murray,  Rev.  John  1875- 
*Murray,  Mrs.  1876-1902 


So 


HISTORICAL 


SKETCH  OF 


Murray,  Miss  E.  1895-1896 

Murray,  Miss  Effie  1908- 

Myers,  Rev.  Charles  M.  1907- 
Myers,  Mrs.  1907- 

*Nevius,  Rev.  J.  L.  1854-1893 

*Nevius,  Mrs.  1854-1910 

Neal,  James  B.,  M.D.  1883- 
Neal,  Mrs.  1883- 

Newton,  Miss  Grace  1887- 
Newton,  Rev.  C.  H.  1896- 
Newton,  Mrs.  1896- 

Niles,  Mary  W.,  M.D.  1882- 
Noyes,  Rev.  Henry  V.  1866- 
*Noyes,  Mrs.  1866-1866 

Noyes,  Mrs.  1872- 

Noyes,  Miss  H.  1868- 

Noyes,  Rev.  Wm.  D.  1903- 
Noyes,  Mrs.  1906- 

Ogilvie,  Rev.  C.  L.  1910- 
Ogilvie,  Mrs.  igio- 

Orr,  R.  W.  1838-1841 

Orr,  Mrs.  1838-1841 

Partch,  Rev.  V.  F.  1888-1899 
Partch,  Mrs.  1888-1899 

Partch,  Rev.  G.  E. 

1895-1906,  1910- 

Partch,  Mrs.  1895-1906 

^Patrick,  Miss  Mary  M.  1869-1871 
Patterson,  J.  P.,  M.D.  1871-1874 
Patterson,  Rev.  J.  C.  1899-1904 
Patterson,  Mrs.  1899-1904 

Patterson,  Miss  E.  G.  1903- 
Patton,  Rev.  C.  E.  1899- 
*Patton,  Mrs.  1899-1902 

Patton,  Mrs.  (Miss 
Mack,  M.D.)  1905- 

Patton,  Miss  L.  R.  1908- 
*Peale,  Rev.  John  R.  1905-1905 
*Peale,  Mrs.  1905-1905 

Posey,  Miss  Mary  A.  1888- 
*Preston,  Rev.  C.  F.  1854-1877 
Preston,  Mrs.  1854-1877 

fPreston,  Rev.  T.  J.  1897- 
fPreston,  Mrs.  IQ05- 

Quarterman,  Rev.  J.  W.  1846-1857 
*Rankin,  Rev.  Henry  V.  1848-1863 
Rankin,  Mrs.  Mary  G.  1848-1864 
Reed,  Chas.  E.,  M.D.  1896-1900 
Reed,  Mrs.  . i8q6-igoo 

Reid,  Rev.  Gilbert  1882-1894 
Ricketts,  Miss  J.  1901- 

*Ritchie,  Rev.  E.  G.  1889-1890 
Ritchie,  Mrs.  1889- 


Ritchie,  Miss  M.  B.  1893-1894 
Roberts,  Rev.  J.  S. 

1^1-1865,  1874-1878 
Roberts, Mrs.  1861-1865,  1874-1878 
Robertson,  W.,  M.D.  1906- 
Robertson,  Mrs.  1906- 

Rollestone,  Miss  L.  M.  1894- 
Romig,  Rev.  H.  G.  1901- 
Romig,  Mrs.  1901- 

Ross,  Robert,  M.D.  1906- 
Ross,  Mrs. (Miss  Read)  1903- 
Rowley,  Miss  Grace  1910- 
Roys,  C.  K.,  M.D.  1904- 
Roys,  Mrs.  1904- 

Savige,  Miss  C.  A.  igoi-1903 
Schaeffer,  Miss  K.  L. ..1893- 
Scheirer,  Rev.  E.  M.  1902-1904 
Schmucker,  Miss  A.  J.  1878-1879 
Schultz,  W.  M.,  M.D.  1909- 
Scott,  Rev.  C.  E.  1906- 
Scott,  Mrs.  1906- 

Sellers,  Miss  M.  R.  1874-1876 
Seymour,  W.  F.,  M.D.  1894- 
Seymour,  Mrs.  1894- 

*Shaw,  Rev.  J.  M.  1874-1876 
Shaw,  Mrs.  1874-1887 

Shoemaker,  Rev.  J.  E.  1894- 
Shoemaker,  Mrs.  1894- 

Silsby,  Rev.  J.  A.  1887- 
Silsby,  Mrs.  1890- 

Silver,  Miss  Emma  1895- 
*Simcox,  Rev.  F.  E.  1893-1900 
*Simcox,  Mrs.  1893-1900 

Sinclair,  M.  E.,  M.D.  1888-1894 
Skinner,  Miss  A.  H.  1903- 
Smith,  Horace  R.,  M.D.  1881-1884 
Smith,  Mrs.  1881-1884 

Smith,  Rev.  John  N.  B.  1881-1899 
Smith,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Strong,  1882)  1885-1899 

Smith,  Harold  F.  1910- 

Snodgrass,  Miss  M.  A.  1892- 
Speer,  Rev.  William  1846-1850 
*Speer,  Mrs.  Cornelia  1846-1847 
Stewart,  Miss  M.  J.  1911- 
Street,  Rev.  A.  E; 

1892-1897,  1901-1904 
Street,  Mrs.  1901-1904 

Stubbert,  J.  E.,  M.D.  1881-1881 
Swan,  John  M.,  M.D.  1885-1909 
Swan,  Mrs.  1885-1909 

Swan,  Rev.  C.  W.  1884-1901 
Swan,  Mrs.,  M.D.  1894-1901 


THE 

MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 

81 

Tappan,  Rev.  D.  S. 

1906- 

Waite,  Mrs. 

1899-1906 

*Taylor,  Geo.  Y.,  M.D. 

1882-1900 

Ward,  Miss  Ellen 

1885-1888 

Terrill,  C.  S.,  M.D. 

1893-1^5 

Warner,  Miss  S.  0. 

1878-1890 

Terrill,  Mrs. 

1893-1895 

Way,  Rev.  R.  Q. 

1844-18=8 

Thomson,  Rev.  J.  C., 

Way,  Mrs. 

1844-1858 

M.D. 

1881-1894 

Wells,  Mason 

1899- 

Thomson,  Mrs. 

1881-1894 

Wells,  Mrs. 

1899- 

Thomson,  Rev.  G.  D. 

1909- 

Wells,  Ralph  C. 

1902- 

Thomson,  Mrs. 

1909- 

Wells,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Thompson,  Rev.  T.  N. 

1901- 

Corbett) 

190S- 

Thompson,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Wherry,  Rev.  John 

1864- 

Hall) 

1902- 

* Wherry,  Mrs. 

1864-1908 

Thompson,  Kenneth  K. 

1911- 

Whallon,  Rev.  A.  K. 

1911- 

Thompson,  Mrs. 

1911- 

* White,  Rev.  Wellington 

1881-1891 

Throop,  Rev.  F.  H. 

1909- 

White,  Mrs. 

1881-1891 

Throop,  Mrs. 

1909- 

*Whiting,  Rev.  A.  M. 

1873-1878 

Thwing,  Rev.  E.  W. 

1892-1899 

*Whiting,  Rev.  J.  L. 

1869-1906 

Thwing,  Mrs. 

1892-1899 

Whiting,  Mrs. 

1869- 

Thwing,  Miss  G. 

1892-1894 

Wight,  Rev.  Jos.  K. 

1848-1857 

Tiffany,  Miss  Ida 

1881-1882 

*Wight,  Mrs. 

1848-1857 

Todd,  Paid  J.,  M.D. 

1902-1908 

*Wight,  Miss  Fanny  E. 

1885-1898 

Todd,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Wight,  Mrs.  Calvin, 

1900- 

btrathie) 

190S- 

Wilcox,  Miss  V.  M. 

1904- 

Tooker,  F.  J.,  M.D. 

1901- 

Williams,  Rev.  J.  E. 

1899- 

Tooker,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Williams,  Mrs. 

1899- 

Fitch,  M.D.) 

1901- 

VVisner,  Rev.  0.  F. 

1885-1894 

Torrance,  Mr.  A.  A. 

1910- 

Wisner,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Torrance,  Mrs. 

1910- 

Sophie  Preston,  ’87) 

1889-1894 

Van  Schoick,!.  L.,  M.D.  i8qo-i8qq 

Wisner,  Miss  J. 

1885-1889 

*Van  Schoick,  Mrs. 

1890-1899 

Woods,  Miss  C.  T. 

1910- 

Vanderburg,  E.  D.,M.D. 

1894- 

Wright,  Rev.  H.  K. 

1902- 

Vanderburg,  Mrs. 

1894- 

*Wright,  Mrs. 

1902-1904 

Vaughan,  Miss  M.  L.  B. 

1901- 

Wright,  Mrs.  (Miss 

Van  Evera,  Rev. Kepler  igo8- 

Cunningham) 

1891- 

Waite,  Rev.  Alexander 

1899-1906 

Yerkes,  Rev.  C.  H. 

1904- 

Waite,  Mrs.  (Dr.  Edna 

Yerkes,  Mrs. 

1904- 

Parks) 

1899-1906 

*Young,  Rev.  J.  K. 

1891-1893 

Waite,  Rev.  James 

1899-1906 

82 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


BOOKS  or  RErERElSrCE. 

A Cycle  of  Cathay.  Rev.  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  D.D.,  LL.D.  $2.00. 

Among  the  Mongols.  J.  Gilmour. 

Calvin  Wilson  Mateer.  D W.  Fisher.  1911.  $1.50. 

Character  Building  in  China.  (Life  of  Mrs.  C.  W.  Mateer.)  1912.  $1.00. 
Changing  China.  Rev.  Lord  William  Cecil.  1910.  $2.00. 

China  Under  the  Empress  Dowager.  Bland  and  Bockhonse.  1910.  $4.00. 
China  Mission  Year  Book.  Issued  annually.  $1.50. 

CEina  (Story  of  Nations).  R.  K.  Douglas.  $1.50. 

China’s  Book  of  Martyrs.  Luella  Miner. 

China  in  Transformation.  A.  R.  Colquhoun.  New  edition,  1912.  $1.50. 
China  and  the  Chinese.  J.  L.  Nevius.  75  cents. 

Chinese  Buddhism,  j.  Edkins. 

Chinese  Characteristics.  Rev.  Arthur  H.  Smith.  $1.25. 

Confucianism  and  Taoism.  R.  K.  Douglas.  $1.00. 

Dawn  on  the  Hills  of  T’ang.  Harlan  P.  Beach.  75  cents. 

Days  of  Blessing  in  Inland  China.  Mrs.  Howard  Taylor. 

Islam  in  China.  Marshall  Broomall,  B.  A.  1910.  $2.00. 

Life  of  John  L.  Nevius.  Helen  S.  C.  Nevius. 

Mission  Problems  and  Mission  Methods  in  South  China.  J.  C. 
Gibson,  D.D. 

Our  Life  in  China.  Helen  S.  C.  Nevius. 

Pastor  Hsi.  Mrs.  Howard  Taylor.  $1.25. 

Religions  of  China.  Rev.  James  Legge. 

Social  Life  of  the  Chinese.  Rev.  Justus  C.  Doolittle. 

The  Changing  Chinese.  Edward  Alsworth  Ross.  1911.  $2.00. 

The  Chinese  Boy  and  Girl.  Isaac  Taylor  Headland. 

The  Chinese  Classics.  James  Legge. 

The  Chinese  at  Home.  J.  Dyer  Ball.  1911.  $2.00. 

The  Chinese  Revolution.  Rev.  Arthur  J.  Brown,  D.D.  1912.  75  cents. 
The  Cross  and  the  Dragon.  Rev.  B.  C.  Henry.  $1.00. 

The  Educational  Conquest  of  the  Far  East.  Robert  E.  Lewis. 

The  Education  of  Women  in  China.  Margaret  E.  Burton.  1911.  $1.25. 
The  Lore  of  Cathay.  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

The  Middle  Kingdom.  S.  Wells  Williams.  Two  volumes. 

The  Real  Chinaman.  Chester  Holcomb. 

The  Tragedy  of  Pao-ting-fu.  Isaac  C.  Ketler.  $2.00. 

The  Yangtse  Valley  and  Beyond.  Mrs.  1.  Bird  Bishop. 

Village  Life  in  China.  Arthur  H.  Smith. 


